Volumetric and Morphometric Analysis of Pineal and Pituitary Glands of an Indian Inedial Subject

Background: Inedia (Latin for “fasting”) is the ability of a person to live without consuming food and water and to sustain solely by prana, the vital life force in Hinduism. According to Ayurveda, sunlight is one of the main sources of prana, and some practitioners believe that it is possible for a...

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Published inAnnals of Neurosciences Vol. 25; no. 4; pp. 279 - 288
Main Authors Raghuprasad, M.S., Manivannan, M.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel, Switzerland S. Karger AG 01.12.2018
Subjects
Original Paper
Ayurveda
Neurohormonal morphology
Survive on sunlight
Level set active contours
Siddha
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Abstract Background: Inedia (Latin for “fasting”) is the ability of a person to live without consuming food and water and to sustain solely by prana, the vital life force in Hinduism. According to Ayurveda, sunlight is one of the main sources of prana, and some practitioners believe that it is possible for a person to survive on sunlight alone. Purpose: In this study, we report the unusual sizes and volumes of both the pineal and pituitary glands in a subject with inedia state for nearly 70 years. Methods: The pineal and pituitary glands were located in the MRI of the subject from coronal, axial, and sagittal images. Segmentation of the pineal and pituitary glands was performed using level set active contours method. Results: The overall volume, size, and shape of the glands were calculated as 38.7604 mm 3 for the pineal gland and 272.552 mm 3 for the pituitary gland and compared with that of the normal volumes (94.2 ± 40.65 mm 3 and 320–718 mm 3 , respectively). Conclusion: It was found that the subject has significantly low pineal and pituitary volumes, which fall under the category of normal young child and we could show that the neurohormonal morphology of inedia subject is within childhood range.
AbstractList Inedia (Latin for "fasting") is the ability of a person to live without consuming food and water and to sustain solely by prana, the vital life force in Hinduism. According to Ayurveda, sunlight is one of the main sources of prana, and some practitioners believe that it is possible for a person to survive on sunlight alone.BACKGROUNDInedia (Latin for "fasting") is the ability of a person to live without consuming food and water and to sustain solely by prana, the vital life force in Hinduism. According to Ayurveda, sunlight is one of the main sources of prana, and some practitioners believe that it is possible for a person to survive on sunlight alone.In this study, we report the unusual sizes and volumes of both the pineal and pituitary glands in a subject with inedia state for nearly 70 years.PURPOSEIn this study, we report the unusual sizes and volumes of both the pineal and pituitary glands in a subject with inedia state for nearly 70 years.The pineal and pituitary glands were located in the MRI of the subject from coronal, axial, and sagittal images. Segmentation of the pineal and pituitary glands was performed using level set active contours method.METHODSThe pineal and pituitary glands were located in the MRI of the subject from coronal, axial, and sagittal images. Segmentation of the pineal and pituitary glands was performed using level set active contours method.The overall volume, size, and shape of the glands were calculated as 38.7604 mm3 for the pineal gland and 272.552 mm3 for the pituitary gland and compared with that of the normal volumes (94.2 ± 40.65 mm3 and 320-718 mm3 , respectively).RESULTSThe overall volume, size, and shape of the glands were calculated as 38.7604 mm3 for the pineal gland and 272.552 mm3 for the pituitary gland and compared with that of the normal volumes (94.2 ± 40.65 mm3 and 320-718 mm3 , respectively).It was found that the subject has significantly low pineal and pituitary volumes, which fall under the category of normal young child and we could show that the neurohormonal morphology of inedia subject is within childhood range.CONCLUSIONIt was found that the subject has significantly low pineal and pituitary volumes, which fall under the category of normal young child and we could show that the neurohormonal morphology of inedia subject is within childhood range.
Inedia (Latin for "fasting") is the ability of a person to live without consuming food and water and to sustain solely by prana, the vital life force in Hinduism. According to Ayurveda, sunlight is one of the main sources of prana, and some practitioners believe that it is possible for a person to survive on sunlight alone. In this study, we report the unusual sizes and volumes of both the pineal and pituitary glands in a subject with inedia state for nearly 70 years. The pineal and pituitary glands were located in the MRI of the subject from coronal, axial, and sagittal images. Segmentation of the pineal and pituitary glands was performed using level set active contours method. The overall volume, size, and shape of the glands were calculated as 38.7604 mm for the pineal gland and 272.552 mm for the pituitary gland and compared with that of the normal volumes (94.2 ± 40.65 mm and 320-718 mm respectively). It was found that the subject has significantly low pineal and pituitary volumes, which fall under the category of normal young child and we could show that the neurohormonal morphology of inedia subject is within childhood range.
Background: Inedia (Latin for “fasting”) is the ability of a person to live without consuming food and water and to sustain solely by prana, the vital life force in Hinduism. According to Ayurveda, sunlight is one of the main sources of prana, and some practitioners believe that it is possible for a person to survive on sunlight alone. Purpose: In this study, we report the unusual sizes and volumes of both the pineal and pituitary glands in a subject with inedia state for nearly 70 years. Methods: The pineal and pituitary glands were located in the MRI of the subject from coronal, axial, and sagittal images. Segmentation of the pineal and pituitary glands was performed using level set active contours method. Results: The overall volume, size, and shape of the glands were calculated as 38.7604 mm 3 for the pineal gland and 272.552 mm 3 for the pituitary gland and compared with that of the normal volumes (94.2 ± 40.65 mm 3 and 320–718 mm 3 , respectively). Conclusion: It was found that the subject has significantly low pineal and pituitary volumes, which fall under the category of normal young child and we could show that the neurohormonal morphology of inedia subject is within childhood range.
Author Raghuprasad, M.S.
Manivannan, M.
AuthorAffiliation Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Applied Mechanics, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
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Issue 4
Keywords Ayurveda
Neurohormonal morphology
Survive on sunlight
Level set active contours
Siddha
Language English
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Ju KS, Bae HG, Park HK, Chang JC, Choi SK, Sim KB: Morphometric study of the Korean adult pituitary glands and the diaphragma sellae. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2010; 47: 42–47.
Zhu SC, Yuille A: Region competition: unifying snakes, region growing, and bayes/MDL for multiband image segmentation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 1996; 18: 884–900.
Ikram MF, Sajjad Z, Shokh IS, Omair A: Pituitary gland volume on magnetic resonance imaging: normative observations. Pak J Neurol Sci 2007; 2: 141–144.
Lorensen WE, Cline HE: Marching cubes: a high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm. Comput Graph 1987; 21: 163–169.
MacMaster FP, Leslie R, Rosenberg DR, Kusumakar V: Pituitary gland volume in adolescent and young adult bipolar and unipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10: 101–104.
Fink AM, Vidmar S, Kumbla S, Pedreira CC, Kanumakala S, Williams C, Carlin JB, Cameron FJ: Age-related pituitary volumes in prepubertal children with normal endocrine function: volumetric magnetic resonance data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 3274–3278.
Ibanez L, Schroeder W, Cates J: The ITK software guide: the insight segmentation and registration toolkit. Kitware Inc, 2003.
Golan J, Torres K, Staśkiewicz GJ, Opielak G, Maciejewski R: Morphometric parameters of the human pineal gland in relation to age, body weight and height. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2002; 61: 111–113.
Caselles V, Kimmel R, Sapiro G: Geodesic active contours. Int J Comput Vis 1997; 22: 61–79.
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Yushkevich PA, Piven J, Hazlett HC, Smith RG, Ho S, Gee JC, Gerig G: User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability. Neuroimage 2006; 31: 1116–1128.
Ibanez L, Schroeder W, Ng L, Cates J: The ITK Software Guide (ed 2). Kitware, Inc, 2005.
Hasegawa A, Ohtsubo K, Mori W: Pineal gland in old age; quantitative and qualitative morphological study of 168 human autopsy cases. Brain Res 1987; 409: 343–349.
Takano K, Utsunomiya H, Ono H, Ohfu M, Okazaki M: Normal development of the pituitary gland: assessment with three-dimensional MR volumetry. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20: 312–315.
Hasegawa A, Ohtsubo K, Mori W: Pineal gland in old age; quantitative and qualitative morphological study of 168 human ­autopsy cases. Brain Res. 1987; 409: 343–349.
Caselles V, Catte F, Coll T, Dibos F: A geometric model for active contours. Numerische Mathematik 1993; 66: 1–31.
Ertekin T, Acer N, Turgut AT, Aycan K, Ozçelik O, Turgut M: Comparison of three methods for the estimation of the pituitary gland volume using magnetic resonance imaging: a stereological study. Pituitary 2011; 14: 31–38.
References_xml – reference: Ertekin T, Acer N, Turgut AT, Aycan K, Ozçelik O, Turgut M: Comparison of three methods for the estimation of the pituitary gland volume using magnetic resonance imaging: a stereological study. Pituitary 2011; 14: 31–38.
– reference: Sumida M, Barkovich AJ, Newton TH: Development of the pineal gland: measurement with MR. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17: 233–236.
– reference: Hasegawa A, Ohtsubo K, Mori W: Pineal gland in old age; quantitative and qualitative morphological study of 168 human ­autopsy cases. Brain Res. 1987; 409: 343–349.
– reference: Caselles V, Catte F, Coll T, Dibos F: A geometric model for active contours. Numerische Mathematik 1993; 66: 1–31.
– reference: Lorensen WE, Cline HE: Marching cubes: a high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm. Comput Graph 1987; 21: 163–169.
– reference: Yushkevich PA, Piven J, Hazlett HC, Smith RG, Ho S, Gee JC, Gerig G: User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability. Neuroimage 2006; 31: 1116–1128.
– reference: Ju KS, Bae HG, Park HK, Chang JC, Choi SK, Sim KB: Morphometric study of the Korean adult pituitary glands and the diaphragma sellae. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2010; 47: 42–47.
– reference: Zhu SC, Yuille A: Region competition: unifying snakes, region growing, and bayes/MDL for multiband image segmentation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 1996; 18: 884–900.
– reference: MacMaster FP, Leslie R, Rosenberg DR, Kusumakar V: Pituitary gland volume in adolescent and young adult bipolar and unipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10: 101–104.
– reference: Golan J, Torres K, Staśkiewicz GJ, Opielak G, Maciejewski R: Morphometric parameters of the human pineal gland in relation to age, body weight and height. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2002; 61: 111–113.
– reference: Takano K, Utsunomiya H, Ono H, Ohfu M, Okazaki M: Normal development of the pituitary gland: assessment with three-dimensional MR volumetry. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20: 312–315.
– reference: Ibanez L, Schroeder W, Ng L, Cates J: The ITK Software Guide (ed 2). Kitware, Inc, 2005.
– reference: Caselles V, Kimmel R, Sapiro G: Geodesic active contours. Int J Comput Vis 1997; 22: 61–79.
– reference: Ikram MF, Sajjad Z, Shokh IS, Omair A: Pituitary gland volume on magnetic resonance imaging: normative observations. Pak J Neurol Sci 2007; 2: 141–144.
– reference: Sun B, Wang D, Tang Y, Fan L, Lin X, Yu T, Qi H, Li Z, Liu S: The Pineal Volume: a three-dimensional volumetric study in healthy young adults using 3.0 T MR Data. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 27: 655–660.
– reference: Ibanez L, Schroeder W, Cates J: The ITK software guide: the insight segmentation and registration toolkit. Kitware Inc, 2003.
– reference: Fink AM, Vidmar S, Kumbla S, Pedreira CC, Kanumakala S, Williams C, Carlin JB, Cameron FJ: Age-related pituitary volumes in prepubertal children with normal endocrine function: volumetric magnetic resonance data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 3274–3278.
– reference: Hasegawa A, Ohtsubo K, Mori W: Pineal gland in old age; quantitative and qualitative morphological study of 168 human autopsy cases. Brain Res 1987; 409: 343–349.
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Inedia (Latin for "fasting") is the ability of a person to live without consuming food and water and to sustain solely by prana, the vital life force in...
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Title Volumetric and Morphometric Analysis of Pineal and Pituitary Glands of an Indian Inedial Subject
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