Patterns of pain across the acute SCI rehabilitation stay: evidence from hourly ratings

• Published in: Spinal cord Vol. 51; no. 4; pp. 289 - 294
• Main Authors: Kalpakjian, C Z, Khoury, P E, Chiodo, A E, Kratz, A L
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.04.2013; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 631/378/1687/1825; 631/378/2620/410; 692/700/565/411; 692/700/565/491; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anatomy; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Circadian Rhythm; Female; Human Physiology; Humans; Inpatients; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Statistical; Neurochemistry; Neuropsychology; Neurosciences; original-article; Pain - complications; Pain - diagnosis; Pain - drug therapy; Pain Measurement; Spinal Cord Injuries - complications; Spinal Cord Injuries - psychology; Spinal Cord Injuries - rehabilitation; Time Factors; United States; Young Adult; United States; spinal cord injuries; pain; rehabilitation
• ISSN: 1362-4393; 1476-5624
• DOI: 10.1038/sc.2012.142

Study Design: Cohort. Objectives: To examine patterns of pain intensity and variability during acute spinal cord injury (SCI) rehabilitation. Setting: Large medical university in the Midwestern United States. Methods: Data were collected from the medical records of consecutively admitted patients with new (⩽2 months after onset), traumatic (that is, injury resulting from external forces) or non-traumatic (that is, injury resulting from disease processes) SCI. A total of 11 001 hourly pain ratings on 1709 inpatient days were collected from 56 inpatients. Multi-leveling modeling was used to test models of pain intensity, pain variability, diurnal variability and pain medication administration. Results: Pain intensity and variability decreased during the inpatient stay. Compared with those with non-traumatic injuries, those with traumatic injuries had significantly higher pain; those with American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Score (AIS) A scores had a slower decline of pain, while those with AIS D scores had a sharper decline. Pain increased from morning to evening during the latter days of the inpatient stay whereas pain was relatively stable during the early days in the inpatient stay. Those not using a ventilator at admission were significantly less likely to receive a pain medication than those who were, despite no significant differences in pain levels. Conclusion: Pain changes during acute rehabilitation, however, the moderating effect of time suggests that change is not consistent across all injury characteristics. Findings suggest that not only should pain management be individualized but it should also reflect a greater understanding of change over time.