Sequential ovulation and fertility of polyoestrus in American black bears (Ursus americanus)

In our study, we determined that each of 2-3 estruses (a.k.a. heat) that a female has during a mating season appears to be functional and fertile. Also, being pregnant does not prevent them from coming into heat again that same season. This ability may allow bears to maximize reproductive fitness.Ab...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inConservation physiology Vol. 2; no. 1; p. cou051
Main Authors Himelright, Brendan M., Moore, Jenna M., Gonzales, Ramona L., Mendoza, Alejandra V., Dye, Penny S., Schuett, Randall J., Durrant, Barbara S., Read, Betsy A., Spady, Thomas J.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Oxford University Press 01.01.2014
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Loading…
Abstract In our study, we determined that each of 2-3 estruses (a.k.a. heat) that a female has during a mating season appears to be functional and fertile. Also, being pregnant does not prevent them from coming into heat again that same season. This ability may allow bears to maximize reproductive fitness.AbstractAmerican black bears (Ursus americanus) are seasonally polyoestrous and exhibit delayed implantation, which may allow equal and independent fertility of recurrent oestruses of a mating season. We postulated that the luteal inactivity during delayed implantation allows bears to have sequential ovulation during a polyoestrous mating season such that each oestrus of a polyoestrous female will have equivalent fertility, and pregnancy would not preclude subsequent ovulation and superfetation. Controlled mating experiments were conducted on semi-free-ranging female American black bears during three mating seasons, wherein females were bred by different male cohorts in each oestrus. Behavioural observation, vulva score ranking, genetic paternity analysis, gross morphology of ovaries and microscopic morphology of diapaused embryos were used to evaluate the fertility of each subsequent oestrus in polyoestrous females. Oestrus duration, number of successful mounts and median vulva scores were similar between first and subsequent oestruses of the season. Polyoestrus occurred in 81.3% of oestrous females, with a 9.7 ± 5.5 day (mean ± SD) inter-oestrous interval. Sequential ovulation was documented in three polyoestrous females, including one that possessed both a corpus haemorrhagicum and a developed corpus luteum. Among polyoestrous dams, four of nine embryos were conceived in the first oestrus and five of nine in the second oestrus. These results indicate that each oestrus of polyoestrous females is capable of fertility, even if the female is already pregnant from a prior oestrus. Although superfetation was not directly observed in the present study, our results strongly suggest the potential of superfetation in the American black bear and provide novel insight into the complex behavioural and physiological breeding mechanisms of bears. Given that most endangered bear species share similar reproductive traits with American black bears, captive breeding programmes could take advantage of superfetation by mating females with different males at each subsequent oestrus of the season in order to increase the genetic diversity of captive endangered bears.
AbstractList In our study, we determined that each of 2-3 estruses (a.k.a. heat) that a female has during a mating season appears to be functional and fertile. Also, being pregnant does not prevent them from coming into heat again that same season. This ability may allow bears to maximize reproductive fitness.AbstractAmerican black bears (Ursus americanus) are seasonally polyoestrous and exhibit delayed implantation, which may allow equal and independent fertility of recurrent oestruses of a mating season. We postulated that the luteal inactivity during delayed implantation allows bears to have sequential ovulation during a polyoestrous mating season such that each oestrus of a polyoestrous female will have equivalent fertility, and pregnancy would not preclude subsequent ovulation and superfetation. Controlled mating experiments were conducted on semi-free-ranging female American black bears during three mating seasons, wherein females were bred by different male cohorts in each oestrus. Behavioural observation, vulva score ranking, genetic paternity analysis, gross morphology of ovaries and microscopic morphology of diapaused embryos were used to evaluate the fertility of each subsequent oestrus in polyoestrous females. Oestrus duration, number of successful mounts and median vulva scores were similar between first and subsequent oestruses of the season. Polyoestrus occurred in 81.3% of oestrous females, with a 9.7 ± 5.5 day (mean ± SD) inter-oestrous interval. Sequential ovulation was documented in three polyoestrous females, including one that possessed both a corpus haemorrhagicum and a developed corpus luteum. Among polyoestrous dams, four of nine embryos were conceived in the first oestrus and five of nine in the second oestrus. These results indicate that each oestrus of polyoestrous females is capable of fertility, even if the female is already pregnant from a prior oestrus. Although superfetation was not directly observed in the present study, our results strongly suggest the potential of superfetation in the American black bear and provide novel insight into the complex behavioural and physiological breeding mechanisms of bears. Given that most endangered bear species share similar reproductive traits with American black bears, captive breeding programmes could take advantage of superfetation by mating females with different males at each subsequent oestrus of the season in order to increase the genetic diversity of captive endangered bears.
In our study, we determined that each of 2-3 estruses (a.k.a. heat) that a female has during a mating season appears to be functional and fertile. Also, being pregnant does not prevent them from coming into heat again that same season. This ability may allow bears to maximize reproductive fitness. American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) are seasonally polyoestrous and exhibit delayed implantation, which may allow equal and independent fertility of recurrent oestruses of a mating season. We postulated that the luteal inactivity during delayed implantation allows bears to have sequential ovulation during a polyoestrous mating season such that each oestrus of a polyoestrous female will have equivalent fertility, and pregnancy would not preclude subsequent ovulation and superfetation. Controlled mating experiments were conducted on semi-free-ranging female American black bears during three mating seasons, wherein females were bred by different male cohorts in each oestrus. Behavioural observation, vulva score ranking, genetic paternity analysis, gross morphology of ovaries and microscopic morphology of diapaused embryos were used to evaluate the fertility of each subsequent oestrus in polyoestrous females. Oestrus duration, number of successful mounts and median vulva scores were similar between first and subsequent oestruses of the season. Polyoestrus occurred in 81.3% of oestrous females, with a 9.7 ± 5.5 day (mean ± SD) inter-oestrous interval. Sequential ovulation was documented in three polyoestrous females, including one that possessed both a corpus haemorrhagicum and a developed corpus luteum. Among polyoestrous dams, four of nine embryos were conceived in the first oestrus and five of nine in the second oestrus. These results indicate that each oestrus of polyoestrous females is capable of fertility, even if the female is already pregnant from a prior oestrus. Although superfetation was not directly observed in the present study, our results strongly suggest the potential of superfetation in the American black bear and provide novel insight into the complex behavioural and physiological breeding mechanisms of bears. Given that most endangered bear species share similar reproductive traits with American black bears, captive breeding programmes could take advantage of superfetation by mating females with different males at each subsequent oestrus of the season in order to increase the genetic diversity of captive endangered bears.
American black bears (Ursus americanus) are seasonally polyoestrous and exhibit delayed implantation, which may allow equal and independent fertility of recurrent oestruses of a mating season. We postulated that the luteal inactivity during delayed implantation allows bears to have sequential ovulation during a polyoestrous mating season such that each oestrus of a polyoestrous female will have equivalent fertility, and pregnancy would not preclude subsequent ovulation and superfetation. Controlled mating experiments were conducted on semi-free-ranging female American black bears during three mating seasons, wherein females were bred by different male cohorts in each oestrus. Behavioural observation, vulva score ranking, genetic paternity analysis, gross morphology of ovaries and microscopic morphology of diapaused embryos were used to evaluate the fertility of each subsequent oestrus in polyoestrous females. Oestrus duration, number of successful mounts and median vulva scores were similar between first and subsequent oestruses of the season. Polyoestrus occurred in 81.3% of oestrous females, with a 9.7 ± 5.5 day (mean ± SD) inter-oestrous interval. Sequential ovulation was documented in three polyoestrous females, including one that possessed both a corpus haemorrhagicum and a developed corpus luteum. Among polyoestrous dams, four of nine embryos were conceived in the first oestrus and five of nine in the second oestrus. These results indicate that each oestrus of polyoestrous females is capable of fertility, even if the female is already pregnant from a prior oestrus. Although superfetation was not directly observed in the present study, our results strongly suggest the potential of superfetation in the American black bear and provide novel insight into the complex behavioural and physiological breeding mechanisms of bears. Given that most endangered bear species share similar reproductive traits with American black bears, captive breeding programmes could take advantage of superfetation by mating females with different males at each subsequent oestrus of the season in order to increase the genetic diversity of captive endangered bears.
Author Durrant, Barbara S.
Read, Betsy A.
Spady, Thomas J.
Gonzales, Ramona L.
Dye, Penny S.
Schuett, Randall J.
Mendoza, Alejandra V.
Moore, Jenna M.
Himelright, Brendan M.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Brendan M.
  surname: Himelright
  fullname: Himelright, Brendan M.
  organization: 1 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University San Marcos, 333 South Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Jenna M.
  surname: Moore
  fullname: Moore, Jenna M.
  organization: 1 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University San Marcos, 333 South Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Ramona L.
  surname: Gonzales
  fullname: Gonzales, Ramona L.
  organization: 1 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University San Marcos, 333 South Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Alejandra V.
  surname: Mendoza
  fullname: Mendoza, Alejandra V.
  organization: 1 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University San Marcos, 333 South Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Penny S.
  surname: Dye
  fullname: Dye, Penny S.
  organization: 2 Dakota Hills Veterinary Clinic, Rapid City, SD 57703, USA
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Randall J.
  surname: Schuett
  fullname: Schuett, Randall J.
  organization: 3 Pewaukee Veterinary Service, Pewaukee, WI 53072, USA
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Barbara S.
  surname: Durrant
  fullname: Durrant, Barbara S.
  organization: 4 San Diego Zoo's Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA 92027, USA
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Betsy A.
  surname: Read
  fullname: Read, Betsy A.
  organization: 1 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University San Marcos, 333 South Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Thomas J.
  surname: Spady
  fullname: Spady, Thomas J.
  email: tspady@csusm.edu
  organization: 1 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University San Marcos, 333 South Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27293672$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNqFkc9PwyAcxYnRuDm9ejQc52FKoS3lYmKMvxITD7qbCQFKHUqhQmvS_97q6jJPnh7J-3wf8H0HYNd5pwE4TtBZghg5V941qz4O2qEs2QFTPMgiSUm6u3WegKMY3xBCCaJZxop9MMEUM5JTPAUvT_qj0641wkL_2VnRGu-gcCWsdGiNNW0PfQUbb3uvYxu6CI2Dl7UORgkHpRXqHUotQoTzZYiDLUavi6eHYK8SNuqjUWdgeXP9fHW3eHi8vb-6fFioFKftIke5qpQUomCZKoiWBakwo2XOsC5TqnCR0wxXJapKJjFLJC1lSiTDhJWEUEZm4GKd23Sy1qUa_hOE5U0wtQg998Lwv44zK_7qP3lKCU5_AuZjQPDDOmLLaxOVtlY47bvIE8ryvMgJQgN6tkZV8DEGXW2uSRD_boWPrfB1K8PAyfbjNvhvBwNwugZ81_wX9gVVxJ2X
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1016_j_animal_2023_100829
crossref_primary_10_1242_dev_148213
crossref_primary_10_1111_mam_12217
Cites_doi 10.1016/j.tree.2003.12.009
10.1017/S0006323199005423
10.1086/416583
10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00096.x
10.1262/jrd.39.325
10.1007/s10592-008-9617-y
10.1016/0003-3472(95)80005-0
10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111578
10.1086/281738
10.1002/zoo.20424
10.1038/nature01969
10.2192/URSUS-D-12-00026.1
10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00135.x
10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80486-5
10.1086/503923
10.1007/s002650050249
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press and the Society for Experimental Biology. 2014
Copyright_xml – notice: The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press and the Society for Experimental Biology. 2014
DBID TOX
NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
7X8
5PM
DOI 10.1093/conphys/cou051
DatabaseName Oxford Journals Open Access Collection
PubMed
CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle PubMed
CrossRef
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList

PubMed
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: TOX
  name: Oxford University Press Open Access
  url: https://academic.oup.com/journals/
  sourceTypes: Publisher
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Ecology
EISSN 2051-1434
EndPage cou051
ExternalDocumentID 10_1093_conphys_cou051
27293672
10.1093/conphys/cou051
Genre Journal Article
GroupedDBID 0R~
4.4
5VS
AAFWJ
AAHBH
AAKDD
AAMVS
AAOGV
AAPPN
AAPXW
AAVAP
ABEJV
ABPTD
ABQLI
ABXVV
ACGFS
ADBBV
ADHZD
AENZO
AFULF
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ALUQC
AOIJS
AVWKF
BAYMD
BCNDV
BTTYL
CIDKT
D~K
EBS
EDH
EJD
GROUPED_DOAJ
GX1
H13
HYE
IAO
ISR
ITC
KQ8
KSI
ML0
M~E
O9-
OAWHX
OJQWA
OK1
O~Y
PEELM
RNS
ROX
RPM
TOX
NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
7X8
5PM
AFPKN
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c424t-606cfcbaa895c83eb83f297d692ed47c286752fd0fd9b291b7db43b9239d33793
IEDL.DBID RPM
ISSN 2051-1434
IngestDate Tue Sep 17 20:57:07 EDT 2024
Wed Dec 04 10:37:02 EST 2024
Thu Nov 21 21:42:46 EST 2024
Tue Oct 15 23:55:12 EDT 2024
Tue Nov 19 12:02:23 EST 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed false
IsScholarly true
Issue 1
Keywords superfetation
recurrent oestrus
pseudo-oestrus
embryonic diapause
Breeding
vulva score
Language English
License This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c424t-606cfcbaa895c83eb83f297d692ed47c286752fd0fd9b291b7db43b9239d33793
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
Editor: Steven Cooke
OpenAccessLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4732479/
PMID 27293672
PQID 1796686300
PQPubID 23479
ParticipantIDs pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_4732479
proquest_miscellaneous_1796686300
crossref_primary_10_1093_conphys_cou051
pubmed_primary_27293672
oup_primary_10_1093_conphys_cou051
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2014-01-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2014-01-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 01
  year: 2014
  text: 2014-01-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace England
PublicationPlace_xml – name: England
PublicationTitle Conservation physiology
PublicationTitleAlternate Conserv Physiol
PublicationYear 2014
Publisher Oxford University Press
Publisher_xml – name: Oxford University Press
References 6939866 - J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1981;29:25-33
22025081 - Zoo Biol. 2012 Mar-Apr;31(2):255-9
10740892 - Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2000 Feb;75(1):21-64
15037003 - Theriogenology. 2004 Apr 15;61(6):1163-9
14562103 - Nature. 2003 Oct 16;425(6959):714-7
16602273 - Q Rev Biol. 2006 Mar;81(1):33-48
16701243 - Trends Ecol Evol. 2004 Mar;19(3):127-34
7657992 - J Hered. 1995 Jul-Aug;86(4):255-61
20394608 - Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2011 Feb;86(1):77-95
2186428 - Q Rev Biol. 1990 Mar;65(1):23-42
(19_49236440) 1952; 86
(26_29962843) 1991; 41
Sandell (14_5631968) 1990; 65
(24_49236444) 1987; 7
Wolff (28_22144224) 2004; 19
(20_23912307) 1996; 38
(11_49236436) 2009; 10
Foerster (5_17860170) 2003; 425
Canivenc (2_8376044) 1981; 29
Jennions (8_6531381) 2000; 75
(23_49236443) 1993; 39
(15_49236438) 2013; 4
Craighead (3_21500320) 1995; 86
Roellig (13_37124337) 2011; 86
(1_49236433) 2003; 61
(16_49236439) 1998; 10
Ware (25_41091988) 2012; 31
(4_49236434) 1964; 4
(6_49236435) 2013; 24
(12_49236437) 1957; 81017
(21_49236441) 2007; 37
(22_49236442) 2011; 42
(18_32762654) 1995; 50
Yamaguchi (29_21893327) 2006; 81
References_xml – volume: 19
  start-page: 127
  issn: 0169-5347
  issue: 3
  year: 2004
  ident: 28_22144224
  publication-title: Trends in Ecology & Evolution
  doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2003.12.009
  contributor:
    fullname: Wolff
– volume: 75
  start-page: 21
  issn: 1469-185X
  issue: 1
  year: 2000
  ident: 8_6531381
  publication-title: Biological Reviews (Cambridge; Print)
  doi: 10.1017/S0006323199005423
  contributor:
    fullname: Jennions
– volume: 65
  start-page: 23
  issn: 0033-5770
  issue: 1
  year: 1990
  ident: 14_5631968
  publication-title: The Quarterly Review of Biology
  doi: 10.1086/416583
  contributor:
    fullname: Sandell
– volume: 37
  start-page: 21
  year: 2007
  ident: 21_49236441
  publication-title: MAMM REV
  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00096.x
– volume: 39
  start-page: 325
  issn: 0916-8818
  year: 1993
  ident: 23_49236443
  publication-title: The Journal of reproduction and development
  doi: 10.1262/jrd.39.325
– volume: 10
  start-page: 693
  issn: 1566-0621
  year: 2009
  ident: 11_49236436
  doi: 10.1007/s10592-008-9617-y
– volume: 42
  start-page: 12
  year: 2011
  ident: 22_49236442
  publication-title: MAMM REV
– volume: 50
  start-page: 1483
  issn: 0003-3472
  year: 1995
  ident: 18_32762654
  publication-title: Animal Behaviour
  doi: 10.1016/0003-3472(95)80005-0
– volume: 86
  start-page: 255
  issn: 0022-1503
  issue: 4
  year: 1995
  ident: 3_21500320
  publication-title: Journal of Heredity
  doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111578
  contributor:
    fullname: Craighead
– volume: 86
  start-page: 311
  issn: 1537-5323
  year: 1952
  ident: 19_49236440
  doi: 10.1086/281738
– volume: 31
  start-page: 255
  issn: 0733-3188
  issue: 2
  year: 2012
  ident: 25_41091988
  doi: 10.1002/zoo.20424
  contributor:
    fullname: Ware
– volume: 29
  start-page: 25
  issn: 0449-3087
  year: 1981
  ident: 2_8376044
  publication-title: Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement
  contributor:
    fullname: Canivenc
– volume: 425
  start-page: 714
  issn: 0028-0836
  issue: 6959
  year: 2003
  ident: 5_17860170
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/nature01969
  contributor:
    fullname: Foerster
– volume: 24
  start-page: 139
  issn: 1537-6176
  year: 2013
  ident: 6_49236435
  doi: 10.2192/URSUS-D-12-00026.1
– volume: 7
  start-page: 355
  year: 1987
  ident: 24_49236444
  publication-title: INT CONF BEAR RES MANAGE
– volume: 86
  start-page: 77
  issn: 1469-185X
  issue: 1
  year: 2011
  ident: 13_37124337
  publication-title: Biological Reviews (Cambridge; Print)
  doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00135.x
  contributor:
    fullname: Roellig
– volume: 4
  start-page: 115
  year: 2013
  ident: 15_49236438
  publication-title: J STEROIDS HORM SCI
– volume: 41
  start-page: 343
  issn: 0003-3472
  year: 1991
  ident: 26_29962843
  publication-title: Animal Behaviour
  doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80486-5
– volume: 61
  start-page: 1163
  issn: 0093-691X
  year: 2003
  ident: 1_49236433
  publication-title: Theriogenology
– volume: 81017
  start-page: 1
  year: 1957
  ident: 12_49236437
  publication-title: HANDBUCH ZOOL
– volume: 81
  start-page: 33
  issn: 0033-5770
  issue: 1
  year: 2006
  ident: 29_21893327
  publication-title: The Quarterly Review of Biology
  doi: 10.1086/503923
  contributor:
    fullname: Yamaguchi
– volume: 10
  start-page: 61
  issn: 1537-6176
  year: 1998
  ident: 16_49236439
– volume: 38
  start-page: 331
  issn: 0340-5443
  year: 1996
  ident: 20_23912307
  doi: 10.1007/s002650050249
– volume: 4
  start-page: 1
  year: 1964
  ident: 4_49236434
  publication-title: MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURE EXPERIMENT STATION EAST LANSING RESEARCH BULLETIN
SSID ssj0001075598
Score 1.95725
Snippet In our study, we determined that each of 2-3 estruses (a.k.a. heat) that a female has during a mating season appears to be functional and fertile. Also, being...
American black bears (Ursus americanus) are seasonally polyoestrous and exhibit delayed implantation, which may allow equal and independent fertility of...
SourceID pubmedcentral
proquest
crossref
pubmed
oup
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage cou051
Title Sequential ovulation and fertility of polyoestrus in American black bears (Ursus americanus)
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27293672
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1796686300
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4732479
Volume 2
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3dS8MwED-2geCL-O38GFEE9aHbbNKmeZSxMYSp4AZ7EErTtDjY2mE3Yf-9l7Qdmy-CL-1D0g_uLrnfXS6_ANxqwhiK076lycwt9FA4pGjgWW1XODHjypGGrmnw4vZH7HnsjCvglHthTNF-KCfNZDprJpNPU1s5n4Wtsk6s9TboMI4wgItWFarofjdCdJNYQSfoCG9N0EhbGFjqNAHel2iCmv4XESV1ub3li7b2t23AzN_Vkhvup7cPewVuJE_5_x1AJUoOYadrOKdXR_DxbkqicbhOSfpdHMlFgkSRWBdOa6xN0pjM0-kqjTRnbEYmCSmXa4jUaTwi0eozcj_6yrA5KNqW2cMxjHrdYadvFQcnWCGz2cLCoCSMQxkEnnBCj0bSo7EtuHKFHSnGQ9vDMMGOVTtWQtriUXIlGZWI9YSiFEfsCdSSNInOgISRCoTLTVjIXNeTwhMBTgJSIc5y26IOd6UI_XnOj-Hn69rUL-Tu53Kvww1K-M9O16UCfLRzvXgRJFG6zHycOPDzmiCsDqe5QtbvKvVZB76lqnUHzaG93YKmZbi0C1M6__eTF7CLGIrlWZlLqKEGoyvEKQvZMPF9w1gnXoev4x8N5O0v
link.rule.ids 230,314,727,780,784,864,885,1604,27924,27925,53791,53793
linkProvider National Library of Medicine
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3dS8MwED-mIvoifjs_owjqQ9fZpE3zKOKYug1BBz4IpWlaHGztsE7wv_eStmPzRfCpD0nacnfJ_e5y-QXgXBPGUFz2LU1mbqGHwilFQ99qesJNGFeuNHRN3Z7X7rOHV_e1Bm51FsYU7Udy0EiHo0Y6eDe1leNRZFd1YvZT95ZxhAFc2Auw5FIurmeCdJNaQTfoCn9K0UhtDC11ogCfEzRCTQCMmJJ63JnzRnMn3GaA5u96yRkH1FqHtRI5kpviDzegFqebsHxnWKe_t-Dt2RRF44QdkuyrvJSLhKkiiS6d1mibZAkZZ8PvLNassTkZpKTasCFSJ_KIRLvPyWX_I8fmsGyb5Ffb0G_dvdy2rfLqBCtiDvu0MCyJkkiGoS_cyKex9GniCK484cSK8cjxMVBwEtVMlJCOuJZcSUYloj2hKIqU7sBimqXxHpAoVqHwuAkMmef5UvgixGVAKkRaXlPU4aISYTAuGDKCYmebBqXcg0LudThDCf_Z6bRSQICWrrcvwjTOJnmASwd-XlOE1WG3UMj0XZU-68DnVDXtoFm051vQuAybdmlM-_8eeQIr7ZduJ-jc9x4PYBURFStyNIewiNqMjxC1fMpjY6M_fVHucw
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1LS8NAEB60ongR39bnKoJ6iKnZTTZ7FLXUR0tBCx6EkM0mWKhJMa3gv3d2k5TWi-Aph908mJnd-eaRbwFONWEMxW3f0mTmFnooXFI09K2GJ9yEceVKQ9fU7nitHnt4dV-njvoyTfuR7F-mg4_LtP9ueiuHH5Fd9YnZ3fYN4wgDuLCHKrHnYcGlaGRTgbpJr6ArdIU_oWmkNoaXOlmA1zEaoiYBRlxJPe7MeKSZv9ymwObvnskpJ9RchZUSPZLr4ivXYC5O12HxzjBPf2_A27NpjMZFOyDZV3kwFwlTRRLdPq0RN8kSMswG31msmWNz0k9JVbQhUifziETbz8l57zPH4bAcG-cXm9Br3r3ctKzy-AQrYg4bWRiaREkkw9AXbuTTWPo0cQRXnnBixXjk-BgsOIlqJEpIR1xJriSjEhGfUFSLdAtqaZbGO0CiWIXC4yY4ZJ7nS-GLELcCqRBteQ1Rh7NKhMGwYMkIiuo2DUq5B4Xc63CCEv5z0nGlgACtXZcwwjTOxnmA2we-XtOE1WG7UMjkWZU-68BnVDWZoJm0Z0fQwAyjdmlQu_--8wiWurfN4Om-87gHywiqWJGm2YcaKjM-QOAykofGRH8A3sDvhg
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sequential+ovulation+and+fertility+of+polyoestrus+in+American+black+bears+%28Ursus+americanus%29&rft.jtitle=Conservation+physiology&rft.au=Himelright%2C+B.+M.&rft.au=Moore%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Gonzales%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Mendoza%2C+A.+V.&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.issn=2051-1434&rft.eissn=2051-1434&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=cou051&rft.epage=cou051&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fconphys%2Fcou051&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1093_conphys_cou051
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2051-1434&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2051-1434&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2051-1434&client=summon