Effects of impregnated potassium on biomass torrefaction
Torrefaction is a pre-treatment process which can improve the properties of biomass, such as improving grindability, increasing heating value, and reducing the hygroscopic nature. Potassium is a well-known alkali catalyst in the thermal reactions of biomass. The influence of potassium on the devolat...
Saved in:
Published in | Energy procedia Vol. 158; pp. 55 - 60 |
---|---|
Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Elsevier Ltd
01.01.2019
Elsevier |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
Abstract | Torrefaction is a pre-treatment process which can improve the properties of biomass, such as improving grindability, increasing heating value, and reducing the hygroscopic nature. Potassium is a well-known alkali catalyst in the thermal reactions of biomass. The influence of potassium on the devolatilization behavior was dependent on the amount of loading potassium. The aim of this study is to figure out the effect of potassium on the thermal degradation of biomass, the rubber wood sawdust was adopted as the feedstock, and the biomass sample was crushed and then dried in an atmospheric oven. Impregnation was used to prepare samples with different potassium ion content equably and adequately. Thereafter, the sample was torrefied by in a thermogravimetric analyser (TG) at different temperature (150, 20, 250, and 300 °C). The experimental results show that the addition potassium can significantly change the chemical kinetics, and further enhanced the thermal degradation of biomass during torrefaction. |
---|---|
AbstractList | Torrefaction is a pre-treatment process which can improve the properties of biomass, such as improving grindability, increasing heating value, and reducing the hygroscopic nature. Potassium is a well-known alkali catalyst in the thermal reactions of biomass. The influence of potassium on the devolatilization behavior was dependent on the amount of loading potassium. The aim of this study is to figure out the effect of potassium on the thermal degradation of biomass, the rubber wood sawdust was adopted as the feedstock, and the biomass sample was crushed and then dried in an atmospheric oven. Impregnation was used to prepare samples with different potassium ion content equably and adequately. Thereafter, the sample was torrefied by in a thermogravimetric analyser (TG) at different temperature (150, 20, 250, and 300 °C). The experimental results show that the addition potassium can significantly change the chemical kinetics, and further enhanced the thermal degradation of biomass during torrefaction. |
Author | Pétrissans, Anélie Safar, Michal Langauer, D. Chen, Wei-Hsin Pétrissans, Mathieu Lin, Bo-Jhih Raclavska, H. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Michal surname: Safar fullname: Safar, Michal organization: VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Institute of Enviromental Engineering, 17 listopadu 15, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic – sequence: 2 givenname: Bo-Jhih surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Bo-Jhih organization: Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan – sequence: 3 givenname: Wei-Hsin surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Wei-Hsin email: weihsinchen@gmail.com, chenwh@mail.ncku.edu.tw organization: Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan – sequence: 4 givenname: D. surname: Langauer fullname: Langauer, D. organization: VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Institute of Enviromental Engineering, 17 listopadu 15, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic – sequence: 5 givenname: H. surname: Raclavska fullname: Raclavska, H. organization: VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Institute of Enviromental Engineering, 17 listopadu 15, 708 33, Ostrava, Czech Republic – sequence: 6 givenname: Anélie surname: Pétrissans fullname: Pétrissans, Anélie organization: Université de Lorraine, Inra, LERMaB, F88000 Epinal, France – sequence: 7 givenname: Mathieu surname: Pétrissans fullname: Pétrissans, Mathieu organization: Université de Lorraine, Inra, LERMaB, F88000 Epinal, France |
BackLink | https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02619897$$DView record in HAL |
BookMark | eNp9kM9LwzAUx4NMcJv-Bx569dD6krZJehHGmE4YeNFzSNOXmbE2JamD_fd2VMSTp_eD7_fLe58FmXW-Q0LuKWQUKH88ZLg_98FnDGiVAc0gL6_InErBU06Bzf70N2QR4wFAAMhiTuTGWjRDTLxNXNsH3Hd6wCbp_aBjdF9t4rukdr4dp2TwIaDVZnC-uyXXVh8j3v3UJfl43ryvt-nu7eV1vdqlpmD5kAppTamx0VyWUlTUirIxhWVVbqHkXCJCyUoobF1LqIXBQuSWsybnWJqKmXxJHqbcT31UfXCtDmfltVPb1U5ddsA4rWQlTnTUFpPWBB_jeOqvgYK6kFIHNZFSF1IKqBpJjbanyYbjHyeHQUXjsDPYuDCyUY13_wd8A3A-dU4 |
CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_renene_2023_05_053 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_energyfuels_9b04478 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eswa_2022_118039 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_fuel_2024_132029 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cattod_2021_10_023 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_renene_2023_119809 |
Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.accre.2016.06.001 10.1016/j.renene.2016.10.028 10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.039 10.1016/j.energy.2010.02.054 10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.01.031 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.04.045 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.009 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.132 10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.012 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.10.055 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.035 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b01776 10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.056 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.08.055 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.045 |
ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | 2019 The Author(s) Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License |
Copyright_xml | – notice: 2019 The Author(s) – notice: Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License |
DBID | 6I. AAFTH AAYXX CITATION 1XC |
DOI | 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035 |
DatabaseName | ScienceDirect Open Access Titles Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access CrossRef Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) |
DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
DatabaseTitleList | |
DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
Discipline | Economics Engineering |
EISSN | 1876-6102 |
EndPage | 60 |
ExternalDocumentID | oai_HAL_hal_02619897v1 10_1016_j_egypro_2019_01_035 S187661021930044X |
GroupedDBID | --K 0R~ 0SF 1B1 1~5 4.4 457 4G. 5VS 6I. 7-5 71M AACTN AAEDT AAEDW AAFTH AAFWJ AAIKJ AALRI AAQFI AAXUO ABMAC ACGFS ADBBV ADEZE ADMUD ADVLN AEXQZ AFTJW AGHFR AGUBO AITUG AKRWK ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMRAJ E3Z EBS EJD EP2 EP3 FDB FEDTE FIRID FNPLU HVGLF HZ~ IXB KQ8 M41 NCXOZ O-L O9- OK1 OKI OZT RIG ROL SES SSZ TR2 XH2 ~S- AAYXX CITATION 1XC |
ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c423t-78fc5aeda6858791f75dc4f293f05668ee052504fbb80b7ce473f62d36e5c92c3 |
IEDL.DBID | IXB |
ISSN | 1876-6102 |
IngestDate | Tue Oct 15 15:54:56 EDT 2024 Fri Aug 23 02:08:49 EDT 2024 Tue Jul 16 04:30:25 EDT 2024 |
IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
IsOpenAccess | true |
IsPeerReviewed | true |
IsScholarly | true |
Keywords | Biomass Thermogravimetric analysis Potassium impregnated Toreffaction |
Language | English |
License | This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
LinkModel | DirectLink |
MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c423t-78fc5aeda6858791f75dc4f293f05668ee052504fbb80b7ce473f62d36e5c92c3 |
ORCID | 0000-0002-4749-8710 0000-0003-3088-003X |
OpenAccessLink | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187661021930044X |
PageCount | 6 |
ParticipantIDs | hal_primary_oai_HAL_hal_02619897v1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_egypro_2019_01_035 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_egypro_2019_01_035 |
PublicationCentury | 2000 |
PublicationDate | 2019-01-01 |
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2019-01-01 |
PublicationDate_xml | – month: 01 year: 2019 text: 2019-01-01 day: 01 |
PublicationDecade | 2010 |
PublicationTitle | Energy procedia |
PublicationYear | 2019 |
Publisher | Elsevier Ltd Elsevier |
Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier Ltd – name: Elsevier |
References | Chen, Kuo (bib00015) 2010; 35 Lee (bib0002) 2017; 42 Chen, Kuo (bib00016) 2011; 36 Eom, Kim, Kim, Lee, Choi, Choi, Choi (bib0009) 2012; 104 Naqvi, Jamshaid, Naqvi, Farooq, Niazi, Aman, Afzal (bib0001) 2018; 81 Zhang (bib0003) 2016; 7 Popp, Lakner, Harangi-Rákos, Fári (bib0004) 2014; 32 Zhou, Zou, Wang, Le, Liu, Adesina (bib00010) 2017; 102 Ratte, Fardet, Mateos, Héry (bib00014) 2011; 35 Hwang, Oh, Cho, Choi, Choi (bib00013) 2013; 150 Rousset, Macedo, Commandré, Moreira (bib0007) 2012; 96 Guo, Liu, Wang, Li, Li, Guo (bib00011) 2016; 130 Chen, Peng, Bi (bib0005) 2015; 44 Kramb, DeMartini, Perander, Moilanen, Konttinen (bib00012) 2016; 148 Chen, Lu, Lee, Liu, Lin (bib0006) 2014; 114 Shah, Deng, Bennadji, Fisher (bib0008) 2015; 29 Hwang (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib00013) 2013; 150 Chen (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib00016) 2011; 36 Eom (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0009) 2012; 104 Guo (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib00011) 2016; 130 Ratte (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib00014) 2011; 35 Naqvi (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0001) 2018; 81 Popp (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0004) 2014; 32 Zhang (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0003) 2016; 7 Chen (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0006) 2014; 114 Zhou (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib00010) 2017; 102 Lee (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0002) 2017; 42 Shah (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0008) 2015; 29 Chen (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0005) 2015; 44 Rousset (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0007) 2012; 96 Chen (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib00015) 2010; 35 Kramb (10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib00012) 2016; 148 |
References_xml | – volume: 7 start-page: 17 year: 2016 end-page: 25 ident: bib0003 article-title: Developing bioenergy to tackle climate change: Bioenergy path and practice of Tianguan group publication-title: Advances in Climate Change Research contributor: fullname: Zhang – volume: 114 start-page: 104 year: 2014 end-page: 113 ident: bib0006 article-title: Non-oxidative and oxidative torrefaction characterization and SEM observations of fibrous and ligneous biomass publication-title: Applied Energy contributor: fullname: Lin – volume: 44 start-page: 847 year: 2015 end-page: 866 ident: bib0005 article-title: A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction publication-title: densification and applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews contributor: fullname: Bi – volume: 96 start-page: 86 year: 2012 end-page: 91 ident: bib0007 article-title: Biomass torrefaction under different oxygen concentrations and its effect on the composition of the solid by-product publication-title: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis contributor: fullname: Moreira – volume: 35 start-page: 3481 year: 2011 end-page: 3495 ident: bib00014 article-title: Mathematical modelling of a continuous biomass torrefaction reactor: TORSPYDTM column publication-title: Biomass and Bioenergy contributor: fullname: Héry – volume: 102 start-page: 134 year: 2017 end-page: 141 ident: bib00010 article-title: Effect of potassium on thermogravimetric behavior and co-pyrolytic kinetics of wood biomass and low density polyethylene publication-title: Renewable Energy contributor: fullname: Adesina – volume: 32 start-page: 559 year: 2014 end-page: 578 ident: bib0004 article-title: The effect of bioenergy expansion: Food, energy, and environment publication-title: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews contributor: fullname: Fári – volume: 104 start-page: 687 year: 2012 end-page: 694 ident: bib0009 article-title: Effect of essential inorganic metals on primary thermal degradation of lignocellulosic biomass publication-title: Bioresource Technology contributor: fullname: Choi – volume: 130 start-page: 184 year: 2016 end-page: 191 ident: bib00011 article-title: Pyrolysis kinetics and behavior of potassium-impregnated pine wood in TGA and a fixed-bed reactor publication-title: Energy Conversion and Management contributor: fullname: Guo – volume: 36 start-page: 6351 year: 2011 end-page: 6460 ident: bib00016 article-title: A study on torrefaction of various biomass materials and its impact on lignocellulosic structure simulated by a thermogravimetry publication-title: Energy contributor: fullname: Kuo – volume: 42 start-page: 27701 year: 2017 end-page: 27717 ident: bib0002 article-title: Econometric assessment of bioenergy development publication-title: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy contributor: fullname: Lee – volume: 35 start-page: 2580 year: 2010 end-page: 2586 ident: bib00015 article-title: A study on torrefaction of various biomass materials and its impact on lignocellulosic structure simulated by a thermogravimetry publication-title: Energy contributor: fullname: Kuo – volume: 29 start-page: 7350 year: 2015 end-page: 7357 ident: bib0008 article-title: Pyrolysis of Potassium-Doped Wood at the Centimeter and Submillimeter Scales publication-title: Energy & Fuels contributor: fullname: Fisher – volume: 148 start-page: 50 year: 2016 end-page: 59 ident: bib00012 article-title: Modeling of the catalytic effects of potassium and calcium on spruce wood gasification in CO2 publication-title: Fuel Processing Technology contributor: fullname: Konttinen – volume: 150 start-page: 359 year: 2013 end-page: 366 ident: bib00013 article-title: Fast pyrolysis of potassium impregnated poplar wood and characterization of its influence on the formation as well as properties of pyrolytic products publication-title: Bioresource Technology contributor: fullname: Choi – volume: 81 start-page: 1247 year: 2018 end-page: 1258 ident: bib0001 article-title: Potential of biomass for bioenergy in Pakistan based on present case and future perspectives publication-title: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews contributor: fullname: Afzal – volume: 7 start-page: 17 issue: 1 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0003 article-title: Developing bioenergy to tackle climate change: Bioenergy path and practice of Tianguan group publication-title: Advances in Climate Change Research doi: 10.1016/j.accre.2016.06.001 contributor: fullname: Zhang – volume: 102 start-page: 134 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib00010 article-title: Effect of potassium on thermogravimetric behavior and co-pyrolytic kinetics of wood biomass and low density polyethylene publication-title: Renewable Energy doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.10.028 contributor: fullname: Zhou – volume: 44 start-page: 847 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0005 article-title: A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction publication-title: densification and applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.039 contributor: fullname: Chen – volume: 35 start-page: 2580 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib00015 article-title: A study on torrefaction of various biomass materials and its impact on lignocellulosic structure simulated by a thermogravimetry publication-title: Energy doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2010.02.054 contributor: fullname: Chen – volume: 148 start-page: 50 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib00012 article-title: Modeling of the catalytic effects of potassium and calcium on spruce wood gasification in CO2 publication-title: Fuel Processing Technology doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.01.031 contributor: fullname: Kramb – volume: 35 start-page: 3481 issue: 8 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib00014 article-title: Mathematical modelling of a continuous biomass torrefaction reactor: TORSPYDTM column publication-title: Biomass and Bioenergy doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.04.045 contributor: fullname: Ratte – volume: 96 start-page: 86 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0007 article-title: Biomass torrefaction under different oxygen concentrations and its effect on the composition of the solid by-product publication-title: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.009 contributor: fullname: Rousset – volume: 150 start-page: 359 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib00013 article-title: Fast pyrolysis of potassium impregnated poplar wood and characterization of its influence on the formation as well as properties of pyrolytic products publication-title: Bioresource Technology doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.132 contributor: fullname: Hwang – volume: 81 start-page: 1247 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0001 article-title: Potential of biomass for bioenergy in Pakistan based on present case and future perspectives publication-title: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.012 contributor: fullname: Naqvi – volume: 130 start-page: 184 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib00011 article-title: Pyrolysis kinetics and behavior of potassium-impregnated pine wood in TGA and a fixed-bed reactor publication-title: Energy Conversion and Management doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.10.055 contributor: fullname: Guo – volume: 104 start-page: 687 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0009 article-title: Effect of essential inorganic metals on primary thermal degradation of lignocellulosic biomass publication-title: Bioresource Technology doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.035 contributor: fullname: Eom – volume: 29 start-page: 7350 issue: 11 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0008 article-title: Pyrolysis of Potassium-Doped Wood at the Centimeter and Submillimeter Scales publication-title: Energy & Fuels doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b01776 contributor: fullname: Shah – volume: 36 start-page: 6351 issue: 11 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib00016 article-title: A study on torrefaction of various biomass materials and its impact on lignocellulosic structure simulated by a thermogravimetry publication-title: Energy contributor: fullname: Chen – volume: 32 start-page: 559 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0004 article-title: The effect of bioenergy expansion: Food, energy, and environment publication-title: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.056 contributor: fullname: Popp – volume: 42 start-page: 27701 issue: 45 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0002 article-title: Econometric assessment of bioenergy development publication-title: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.08.055 contributor: fullname: Lee – volume: 114 start-page: 104 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035_bib0006 article-title: Non-oxidative and oxidative torrefaction characterization and SEM observations of fibrous and ligneous biomass publication-title: Applied Energy doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.045 contributor: fullname: Chen |
SSID | ssj0070084 |
Score | 2.2736828 |
Snippet | Torrefaction is a pre-treatment process which can improve the properties of biomass, such as improving grindability, increasing heating value, and reducing the... |
SourceID | hal crossref elsevier |
SourceType | Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Publisher |
StartPage | 55 |
SubjectTerms | Biomass Life Sciences Potassium impregnated Thermogravimetric analysis Toreffaction |
Title | Effects of impregnated potassium on biomass torrefaction |
URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.035 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02619897 |
Volume | 158 |
hasFullText | 1 |
inHoldings | 1 |
isFullTextHit | |
isPrint | |
link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3PS8MwFA5zF_UgOhXnL4J4DWvXtGmPcziGiBcd9BbaNNEKa8fW-ff7XtqIgiB4TEja8rV9-RLe9z1Cbj0vV8AUDAMqIBiPfMMyYBXMWPcq2FEUmc22eIrmC_6QhmmPTJ0WBtMqu9jfxnQbrbueUYfmaFWWo2cffuQIK1Mn6BrFU4jD6O2JIr70zkVjgYbxuOmCwQxHO_mczfHCUl9rlAD6iTXvtEXffl2edt7cQatdeGaH5KBjjHTSPtQR6elqQHadoHgzIPvfPAWPSdz6EW9obWi5XK31awV0sqCrugGeXG6XtK4oiu6hRRuszdFpG07IYnb_Mp2zrjwCU8CBGiZio8JMFxlayIvENyIsFDewfhtgNVGsNdao87jJ89jLhdJcBCYaF0GkQ5WMVXBK-lVd6TNCtcqM0N5YwRSeo6eeilXhqUyFJuBcDwlzqMhV64IhXXrYu2xRlIii9HwJKA6JcNDJH29TQqD-Y-YNIP11EzS_nk8eJfbZ3WKciA___N-XvyB72GrPUC5Jv1lv9RWwiia_tp_NJ3lkye8 |
link.rule.ids | 230,315,786,790,891,3525,27955,27956,45907 |
linkProvider | Elsevier |
linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1NT4NAEJ1YPVQPRqvGb4nxuimUhYWjGhvU6sU26W0Dy67WpNBU9Pc7s4DRxMTEI8sukAFm3mzmvQG4cN1MIVIwDKGAYDz0DEsRVTBj1aswo8hTW23xGCYTfjcNpitw3XJhqKyy8f21T7feuhnpN9bsL2az_pOHP3JInaljUo3i0w6s8QBzPWLxTa9adyxIMZ6yLpzNaHrLn7NFXtTra0kcQC-26p2269uv8anz0u602sgz3ILNBjI6l_VTbcOKLnrQbRnFbz3Y-CYquANRLUj85pTGmc0XS_1cIJ7MnUVZIVCevc-dsnCIdY9HTkXNORpywy5Mhjfj64Q1_RGYQhBUMREZFaQ6T0lDXsSeEUGuuMEAbhDWhJHW1KTO5SbLIjcTSnPhm3CQ-6EOVDxQ_h6sFmWh98HRKjVCuwOFS3hGonoqUrmrUhUYn3N9AKy1ilzUMhiyrQ97lbUVJVlRup5EKx6AaE0nf7xOiZ76j5XnaOmvm5D6dXI5kjRm08UoFh_e4b8vfwbdZPwwkqPbx_sjWKcz9YbKMaxWy3d9ghCjyk7tJ_QJvDDNFA |
openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+impregnated+potassium+on+biomass+torrefaction&rft.jtitle=Energy+procedia&rft.au=Safar%2C+Michal&rft.au=Lin%2C+Bo-Jhih&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wei-Hsin&rft.au=Langauer%2C+D.&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd&rft.issn=1876-6102&rft.eissn=1876-6102&rft.volume=158&rft.spage=55&rft.epage=60&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.egypro.2019.01.035&rft.externalDocID=S187661021930044X |
thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1876-6102&client=summon |
thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1876-6102&client=summon |
thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1876-6102&client=summon |