Cultural differences in mutual gaze during face-to-face interactions: A dual head-mounted eye-tracking study

Cross-cultural psychologists have widely discussed "gaze avoidance" as a sociocultural norm to describe reduced mutual gaze in East Asians (EAs) compared to Western Caucasians (WCs). Supportive evidence is primarily based on self-reports and video recordings of face-to-face interactions, b...

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Published inVisual cognition Vol. 30; no. 1-2; pp. 100 - 115
Main Authors Haensel, Jennifer X., Smith, Tim J., Senju, Atsushi
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Routledge 07.02.2022
Subjects
culture
gaze avoidance
head-mounted eye-tracking
Mutual gaze
social interaction
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1350-6285
1464-0716
DOI10.1080/13506285.2021.1928354

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Abstract Cross-cultural psychologists have widely discussed "gaze avoidance" as a sociocultural norm to describe reduced mutual gaze in East Asians (EAs) compared to Western Caucasians (WCs). Supportive evidence is primarily based on self-reports and video recordings of face-to-face interactions, but more objective techniques that can investigate the micro-dynamics of gaze are scarce. The current study used dual head-mounted eye-tracking in EA and WC dyads to examine face looking and mutual gaze during live social interactions. Both cultural groups showed more face looking when listening than speaking, and during an introductory task compared to a storytelling game. Crucially, compared to WCs, EA dyads spent significantly more time engaging in mutual gaze, and individual instances of mutual gaze were longer in EAs for the storytelling game. Our findings challenge "gaze avoidance" as a generalizable cultural observation, and highlight the need to consider contextual factors that dynamically influence gaze both within and between cultures.
AbstractList Cross-cultural psychologists have widely discussed "gaze avoidance" as a sociocultural norm to describe reduced mutual gaze in East Asians (EAs) compared to Western Caucasians (WCs). Supportive evidence is primarily based on self-reports and video recordings of face-to-face interactions, but more objective techniques that can investigate the micro-dynamics of gaze are scarce. The current study used dual head-mounted eye-tracking in EA and WC dyads to examine face looking and mutual gaze during live social interactions. Both cultural groups showed more face looking when listening than speaking, and during an introductory task compared to a storytelling game. Crucially, compared to WCs, EA dyads spent significantly more time engaging in mutual gaze, and individual instances of mutual gaze were longer in EAs for the storytelling game. Our findings challenge "gaze avoidance" as a generalizable cultural observation, and highlight the need to consider contextual factors that dynamically influence gaze both within and between cultures.
Author Senju, Atsushi
Haensel, Jennifer X.
Smith, Tim J.
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Snippet Cross-cultural psychologists have widely discussed "gaze avoidance" as a sociocultural norm to describe reduced mutual gaze in East Asians (EAs) compared to...
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SubjectTerms culture
gaze avoidance
head-mounted eye-tracking
Mutual gaze
social interaction
Title Cultural differences in mutual gaze during face-to-face interactions: A dual head-mounted eye-tracking study
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