Impacts of large-scale forest restoration on socioeconomic status and local livelihoods: what we know and do not know
Forests are sources of wood, non-timber forest products and ecosystems services and goods that benefit society as a whole, and are especially important to rural livelihoods. Forest landscape restoration (FLR) has been proposed as a way to counteract deforestation and reconcile the production of ecos...
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| Published in | Biotropica Vol. 48; no. 6; pp. 731 - 744 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Hoboken
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.11.2016
Wiley Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Forests are sources of wood, non-timber forest products and ecosystems services and goods that benefit society as a whole, and are especially important to rural livelihoods. Forest landscape restoration (FLR) has been proposed as a way to counteract deforestation and reconcile the production of ecosystem services and goods with conservation and development goals. But limited evidence indicates how large-scale forest restoration could contribute to improving local livelihoods. Here, we present a conceptual framework to analyze the effects of large-scale restoration on local livelihoods, and use it to review the scientific literature and reduce this knowledge gap. Most of the literature referred to case studies (89%), largely concentrated in China (49%). The main theme explored was income, followed by livelihoods diversification, off-farm employment opportunities, poverty reduction, equity and the provision of timber and energy as ecosystem services. Nearly 60 percent of the papers discussed the importance of governance systems to socioeconomic outcomes. The reforestation/restoration programs and policies investigated in the studies had mixed socioeconomic effects on local livelihoods depending on other variables, such as availability of off-farm jobs, household characteristics, land productivity, land tenure, and markets for forest products and ecosystem services. We conclude that the effects of large-scale restoration initiatives on local livelihoods may vary due to several factors and is still not clear for many situations; therefore, monitoring over time with clear indicators is needed. |
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| AbstractList | Forests are sources of wood, non-timber forest products and ecosystems services and goods that benefit society as a whole, and are especially important to rural livelihoods. Forest landscape restoration (FLR) has been proposed as a way to counteract deforestation and reconcile the production of ecosystem services and goods with conservation and development goals. But limited evidence indicates how large-scale forest restoration could contribute to improving local livelihoods. Here, we present a conceptual framework to analyze the effects of large-scale restoration on local livelihoods, and use it to review the scientific literature and reduce this knowledge gap. Most of the literature referred to case studies (89%), largely concentrated in China (49%). The main theme explored was income, followed by livelihoods diversification, off-farm employment opportunities, poverty reduction, equity and the provision of timber and energy as ecosystem services. Nearly 60 percent of the papers discussed the importance of governance systems to socioeconomic outcomes. The reforestation/restoration programs and policies investigated in the studies had mixed socioeconomic effects on local livelihoods depending on other variables, such as availability of off-farm jobs, household characteristics, land productivity, land tenure, and markets for forest products and ecosystem services. We conclude that the effects of large-scale restoration initiatives on local livelihoods may vary due to several factors and is still not clear for many situations; therefore, monitoring over time with clear indicators is needed. Forests are sources of wood, non-timber forest products and ecosystems services and goods that benefit society as a whole, and are especially important to rural livelihoods. Forest landscape restoration (FLR) has been proposed as a way to counteract deforestation and reconcile the production of ecosystem services and goods with conservation and development goals. But limited evidence indicates how large-scale forest restoration could contribute to improving local livelihoods. Here, we present a conceptual framework to analyze the effects of large-scale restoration on local livelihoods, and use it to review the scientific literature and reduce this knowledge gap. Most of the literature referred to case studies (89%), largely concentrated in China (49%). The main theme explored was income, followed by livelihoods diversification, off-farm employment opportunities, poverty reduction, equity and the provision of timber and energy as ecosystem services. Nearly 60 percent of the papers discussed the importance of governance systems to socioeconomic outcomes. The reforestation/restoration programs and policies investigated in the studies had mixed socioeconomic effects on local livelihoods depending on other variables, such as availability of off-farm jobs, household characteristics, land productivity, land tenure, and markets for forest products and ecosystem services. We conclude that the effects of large-scale restoration initiatives on local livelihoods may vary due to several factors and is still not clear for many situations; therefore, monitoring over time with clear indicators is needed. RESUMO Florestas são fonte de madeira, produtos florestais não-madeireiros e serviços ecossistêmicos que beneficiam a sociedade como um todo, mas são especialmente importantes para os modos de vida rurais. A restauração de paisagens e florestas (RPF) vem sendo proposta como uma forma de combater o desmatamento e reconciliar a produção de serviços ecossistêmicos com conservação e desenvolvimento, mas ainda não está claro se ela trará benefícios para estas populações. Neste artigo apresentamos um arcabouço conceitual para analisar os impactos socioeconômicos da restauração de larga escala nos modos de vida rurais, que é utilizado para revisar a literatura e contribuir para preencher esta lacuna. A maioria dos artigos revisados foi composta por estudos de caso (89%), concentrados na China (49%). Os principais aspectos avaliados pelos artigos foram renda, diversificação dos modos de vida, oportunidades de emprego não-agrário, redução da pobreza, equidade e provisão de produtos madeireiros e não-madeireiros. Quase 60 por cento dos artigos discutiu a importância dos sistemas de governança para os efeitos socioeconômicos. As iniciativas analisadas pelos artigos tiveram impactos positivos e negativos, dependendo de outras variáveis como a disponibilidade de empregos não-agrários, características da unidade doméstica, produtividade da terra, propriedade da terra, e existência de mercados para os produtos florestais e serviços ecossistêmicos. Concluímos que os impactos socioeconômicos das iniciativas de restauração em larga-escala nos modos de vida locais variam de acordo com diversos fatores e ainda não são claros em algumas situações e, portanto, requerem um monitoramento de longo prazo. Forests are sources of wood, non‐timber forest products and ecosystems services and goods that benefit society as a whole, and are especially important to rural livelihoods. Forest landscape restoration ( FLR ) has been proposed as a way to counteract deforestation and reconcile the production of ecosystem services and goods with conservation and development goals. But limited evidence indicates how large‐scale forest restoration could contribute to improving local livelihoods. Here, we present a conceptual framework to analyze the effects of large‐scale restoration on local livelihoods, and use it to review the scientific literature and reduce this knowledge gap. Most of the literature referred to case studies (89%), largely concentrated in China (49%). The main theme explored was income, followed by livelihoods diversification, off‐farm employment opportunities, poverty reduction, equity and the provision of timber and energy as ecosystem services. Nearly 60 percent of the papers discussed the importance of governance systems to socioeconomic outcomes. The reforestation/restoration programs and policies investigated in the studies had mixed socioeconomic effects on local livelihoods depending on other variables, such as availability of off‐farm jobs, household characteristics, land productivity, land tenure, and markets for forest products and ecosystem services. We conclude that the effects of large‐scale restoration initiatives on local livelihoods may vary due to several factors and is still not clear for many situations; therefore, monitoring over time with clear indicators is needed. Florestas são fonte de madeira, produtos florestais não‐madeireiros e serviços ecossistêmicos que beneficiam a sociedade como um todo, mas são especialmente importantes para os modos de vida rurais. A restauração de paisagens e florestas ( RPF ) vem sendo proposta como uma forma de combater o desmatamento e reconciliar a produção de serviços ecossistêmicos com conservação e desenvolvimento, mas ainda não está claro se ela trará benefícios para estas populações. Neste artigo apresentamos um arcabouço conceitual para analisar os impactos socioeconômicos da restauração de larga escala nos modos de vida rurais, que é utilizado para revisar a literatura e contribuir para preencher esta lacuna. A maioria dos artigos revisados foi composta por estudos de caso (89%), concentrados na China (49%). Os principais aspectos avaliados pelos artigos foram renda, diversificação dos modos de vida, oportunidades de emprego não‐agrário, redução da pobreza, equidade e provisão de produtos madeireiros e não‐madeireiros. Quase 60 por cento dos artigos discutiu a importância dos sistemas de governança para os efeitos socioeconômicos. As iniciativas analisadas pelos artigos tiveram impactos positivos e negativos, dependendo de outras variáveis como a disponibilidade de empregos não‐agrários, características da unidade doméstica, produtividade da terra, propriedade da terra, e existência de mercados para os produtos florestais e serviços ecossistêmicos. Concluímos que os impactos socioeconômicos das iniciativas de restauração em larga‐escala nos modos de vida locais variam de acordo com diversos fatores e ainda não são claros em algumas situações e, portanto, requerem um monitoramento de longo prazo. Forests are sources of wood, non‐timber forest products and ecosystems services and goods that benefit society as a whole, and are especially important to rural livelihoods. Forest landscape restoration (FLR) has been proposed as a way to counteract deforestation and reconcile the production of ecosystem services and goods with conservation and development goals. But limited evidence indicates how large‐scale forest restoration could contribute to improving local livelihoods. Here, we present a conceptual framework to analyze the effects of large‐scale restoration on local livelihoods, and use it to review the scientific literature and reduce this knowledge gap. Most of the literature referred to case studies (89%), largely concentrated in China (49%). The main theme explored was income, followed by livelihoods diversification, off‐farm employment opportunities, poverty reduction, equity and the provision of timber and energy as ecosystem services. Nearly 60 percent of the papers discussed the importance of governance systems to socioeconomic outcomes. The reforestation/restoration programs and policies investigated in the studies had mixed socioeconomic effects on local livelihoods depending on other variables, such as availability of off‐farm jobs, household characteristics, land productivity, land tenure, and markets for forest products and ecosystem services. We conclude that the effects of large‐scale restoration initiatives on local livelihoods may vary due to several factors and is still not clear for many situations; therefore, monitoring over time with clear indicators is needed. RESUMO Florestas são fonte de madeira, produtos florestais não‐madeireiros e serviços ecossistêmicos que beneficiam a sociedade como um todo, mas são especialmente importantes para os modos de vida rurais. A restauração de paisagens e florestas (RPF) vem sendo proposta como uma forma de combater o desmatamento e reconciliar a produção de serviços ecossistêmicos com conservação e desenvolvimento, mas ainda não está claro se ela trará benefícios para estas populações. Neste artigo apresentamos um arcabouço conceitual para analisar os impactos socioeconômicos da restauração de larga escala nos modos de vida rurais, que é utilizado para revisar a literatura e contribuir para preencher esta lacuna. A maioria dos artigos revisados foi composta por estudos de caso (89%), concentrados na China (49%). Os principais aspectos avaliados pelos artigos foram renda, diversificação dos modos de vida, oportunidades de emprego não‐agrário, redução da pobreza, equidade e provisão de produtos madeireiros e não‐madeireiros. Quase 60 por cento dos artigos discutiu a importância dos sistemas de governança para os efeitos socioeconômicos. As iniciativas analisadas pelos artigos tiveram impactos positivos e negativos, dependendo de outras variáveis como a disponibilidade de empregos não‐agrários, características da unidade doméstica, produtividade da terra, propriedade da terra, e existência de mercados para os produtos florestais e serviços ecossistêmicos. Concluímos que os impactos socioeconômicos das iniciativas de restauração em larga‐escala nos modos de vida locais variam de acordo com diversos fatores e ainda não são claros em algumas situações e, portanto, requerem um monitoramento de longo prazo. |
| Author | Kumar, Chetan Calmon, Miguel Adams, Cristina Rodrigues, Sidney T. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Cristina surname: Adams fullname: Adams, Cristina email: cadams@usp.br, cadams@usp.br organization: School of Arts Sciences and Humanities (EACH) and Institute of Energy and Environment (IEE), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Arlindo Bétio, 1.000, 03828-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil – sequence: 2 givenname: Sidney T. surname: Rodrigues fullname: Rodrigues, Sidney T. organization: STR Consultancy, Rua Prof. Pirajá da Silva, 183, ap. 151, SP, 05451-090 São Paulo, Brazil – sequence: 3 givenname: Miguel surname: Calmon fullname: Calmon, Miguel organization: Global Forest and Climate Change Programme, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 1630 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300, DC 20009, Washington, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Chetan surname: Kumar fullname: Kumar, Chetan organization: Global Forest and Climate Change Programme, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 1630 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300, DC 20009, Washington, USA |
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| Snippet | Forests are sources of wood, non-timber forest products and ecosystems services and goods that benefit society as a whole, and are especially important to... Forests are sources of wood, non‐timber forest products and ecosystems services and goods that benefit society as a whole, and are especially important to... |
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| Title | Impacts of large-scale forest restoration on socioeconomic status and local livelihoods: what we know and do not know |
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