Ultrafast nonequilibrium dynamics of rotons in superfluid helium
Short-time dynamics of superfluids far from equilibrium remains largely unknown, despite its importance for key processes in these systems. Here, we describe a method for locally perturbing the density of superfluid helium via the excitation of roton pairs with ultrashort laser pulses. By measuring...
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| Published in | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS Vol. 120; no. 17; p. e2303231120 |
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| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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United States
National Academy of Sciences
25.04.2023
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| Abstract | Short-time dynamics of superfluids far from equilibrium remains largely unknown, despite its importance for key processes in these systems. Here, we describe a method for locally perturbing the density of superfluid helium via the excitation of roton pairs with ultrashort laser pulses. By measuring the time dependence of this perturbation, we track the nonequilibrium dynamics of the two-roton states on femtosecond and picosecond timescales. Our results reveal an ultrafast equilibration of roton pairs as they thermalize with the colder equilibrium quasiparticle gas. Future applications of this technique to different temperature and pressure regimes, in various superfluids, will enable to probe rapid nucleation and decay processes, as well as metastable Bose–Einstein condensates of rotons and roton pairs. |
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| AbstractList | Short-time dynamics of superfluids far from equilibrium remains largely unknown, despite its importance for key processes in these systems. Here, we describe a method for locally perturbing the density of superfluid helium via the excitation of roton pairs with ultrashort laser pulses. By measuring the time dependence of this perturbation, we track the nonequilibrium dynamics of the two-roton states on femtosecond and picosecond timescales. Our results reveal an ultrafast equilibration of roton pairs as they thermalize with the colder equilibrium quasiparticle gas. Future applications of this technique to different temperature and pressure regimes, in various superfluids, will enable to probe rapid nucleation and decay processes, as well as metastable Bose–Einstein condensates of rotons and roton pairs. Short-time dynamics of superfluids far from equilibrium remains largely unknown, despite its importance for key processes in these systems. Here, we describe a method for locally perturbing the density of superfluid helium via the excitation of roton pairs with ultrashort laser pulses. By measuring the time dependence of this perturbation, we track the nonequilibrium dynamics of the two-roton states on femtosecond and picosecond timescales. Our results reveal an ultrafast equilibration of roton pairs as they thermalize with the colder equilibrium quasiparticle gas. Future applications of this technique to different temperature and pressure regimes, in various superfluids, will enable to probe rapid nucleation and decay processes, as well as metastable Bose-Einstein condensates of rotons and roton pairs.Short-time dynamics of superfluids far from equilibrium remains largely unknown, despite its importance for key processes in these systems. Here, we describe a method for locally perturbing the density of superfluid helium via the excitation of roton pairs with ultrashort laser pulses. By measuring the time dependence of this perturbation, we track the nonequilibrium dynamics of the two-roton states on femtosecond and picosecond timescales. Our results reveal an ultrafast equilibration of roton pairs as they thermalize with the colder equilibrium quasiparticle gas. Future applications of this technique to different temperature and pressure regimes, in various superfluids, will enable to probe rapid nucleation and decay processes, as well as metastable Bose-Einstein condensates of rotons and roton pairs. The old subject of superfluidity has a number of unsolved fundamental questions, notably - about the nature of collective excitations, known as rotons, and their interactions with other quasiparticles. These interactions are fast, but until now were studied with slow experimental tools and only in thermal equilibrium. We have developed the first time-resolved method for exciting rotons in a superfluid with femtosecond laser pulses, and tracking their non-equilibrium dynamics on a picosecond timescale. Using this technique, we have observed an ultrafast thermalization of hot roton pairs with the helium bath. We believe that these results, together with further application of our method to other superfluids under various temperature and pressure regimes, will drive major advances in the understanding of superfluidity. Short-time dynamics of superfluids far from equilibrium remains largely unknown, despite its importance for key processes in these systems. Here, we describe a method for locally perturbing the density of superfluid helium via the excitation of roton pairs with ultrashort laser pulses. By measuring the time dependence of this perturbation, we track the nonequilibrium dynamics of the two-roton states on femtosecond and picosecond timescales. Our results reveal an ultrafast equilibration of roton pairs as they thermalize with the colder equilibrium quasiparticle gas. Future applications of this technique to different temperature and pressure regimes, in various superfluids, will enable to probe rapid nucleation and decay processes, as well as metastable Bose–Einstein condensates of rotons and roton pairs. |
| Author | Stamp, Philip C. E. Milner, Valery Milner, Alexander A. |
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| Snippet | Short-time dynamics of superfluids far from equilibrium remains largely unknown, despite its importance for key processes in these systems. Here, we describe a... The old subject of superfluidity has a number of unsolved fundamental questions, notably - about the nature of collective excitations, known as rotons, and... |
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| SubjectTerms | Bose-Einstein condensates Elementary excitations Fluids Helium Liquid helium Nucleation Perturbation Physical Sciences Rotons Superfluidity Time dependence Time measurement |
| Title | Ultrafast nonequilibrium dynamics of rotons in superfluid helium |
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