The in vitro neuromuscular activity of Indo-Pacific sea-snake venoms: efficacy of two commercially available antivenoms
We examined the neurotoxicity of the following sea snake venoms: Enhydrina schistosa (geographical variants from Weipa and Malaysia), Lapemis curtus (Weipa and Malaysia), Laticauda colubrina, Aipysurus laevis, Aipysurus fuscus and Aipysurus foliosquamatus. Venom from a terrestrial snake, Notechis sc...
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Published in | Toxicon (Oxford) Vol. 44; no. 2; pp. 193 - 200 |
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Main Authors | , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Oxford
Elsevier Ltd
01.08.2004
Elsevier Science |
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Abstract | We examined the neurotoxicity of the following sea snake venoms:
Enhydrina schistosa (geographical variants from Weipa and Malaysia),
Lapemis curtus (Weipa and Malaysia),
Laticauda colubrina,
Aipysurus laevis,
Aipysurus fuscus and
Aipysurus foliosquamatus. Venom from a terrestrial snake,
Notechis scutatus (tiger snake), was used as a reference. All venoms (1 and 3 μg/ml) abolished indirect twitches of the chick biventer cervicis muscle and significantly inhibited responses to ACh (1 mM) and CCh (20 μM), but not KCl (40 mM), indicating the presence of post-synaptic toxins. Prior administration (10 min) of CSL sea snake antivenom (1
unit/ml) attenuated the twitch blockade produced by
N. scutatus venom and all sea snake venoms (1 μg/ml). Prior administration (10 min) of CSL tiger snake antivenom (1
unit/ml) attenuated the twitch blockade of all venoms except those produced by
E. schistosa (Malaysia and Weipa) and
A. foliosquamatus. Administration of CSL sea snake antivenom (1
unit/ml) at
t
90 (i.e. time at which 90% inhibition of initial twitch height occurred) reversed the inhibition of twitches (20–50%) produced by the sea snake venoms (1 μg/ml) but not by
N. scutatus venom (1 μg/ml). CSL tiger snake antivenom (1
unit/ml) administered at
t
90 produced only minor reversal (i.e. 15–25%) of the twitch blockade caused by
L. curtus (Weipa),
A. foliosquamatus,
L. colubrina and
A. laevis venoms (1 μg/ml). Differences in the rate of reversal of the neurotoxicity produced by the two geographical variants of
E. schistosa venom, after addition of CSL sea snake antivenom, indicate possible differences in venom components. This study shows that sea snake venoms contain potent post-synaptic activity that, despite the significant genetic distances between the lineages, can be neutralised with CSL sea snake antivenom. However, the effects of CSL tiger snake antivenom are more variable. |
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AbstractList | We examined the neurotoxicity of the following sea snake venoms: Enhydrina schistosa (geographical variants from Weipa and Malaysia), Lapemis curtus (Weipa and Malaysia), Laticauda colubrina, Aipysurus laevis, Aipysurus fuscus and Aipysurus foliosquamatus. Venom from a terrestrial snake, Notechis scutatus (tiger snake), was used as a reference. All venoms (1 and 3 mu g/ml) abolished indirect twitches of the chick biventer cervicis muscle and significantly inhibited responses to ACh (1 mM) and CCh (20 mu M), but not KCl (40 mM), indicating the presence of post-synaptic toxins. Prior administration (10 min) of CSL sea snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) attenuated the twitch blockade produced by N. scutatus venom and all sea snake venoms (1 mu g/ml). Prior administration (10 min) of CSL tiger snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) attenuated the twitch blockade of all venoms except those produced by E. schistosa (Malaysia and Weipa) and A. foliosquamatus. Administration of CSL sea snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) at t sub(90) (i.e. time at which 90% inhibition of initial twitch height occurred) reversed the inhibition of twitches (20-50%) produced by the sea snake venoms (1 mu g/ml) but not by N. scutatus venom (1 mu g/ml). CSL tiger snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) administered at t sub(90) produced only minor reversal (i.e. 15-25%) of the twitch blockade caused by L. curtus (Weipa), A. foliosquamatus, L. colubrina and A. laevis venoms (1 mu g/ml). Differences in the rate of reversal of the neurotoxicity produced by the two geographical variants of E. schistosa venom, after addition of CSL sea snake antivenom, indicate possible differences in venom components. This study shows that sea snake venoms contain potent post- synaptic activity that, despite the significant genetic distances between the lineages, can be neutralised with CSL sea snake antivenom. However, the effects of CSL tiger snake antivenom are more variable. We examined the neurotoxicity of the following sea snake venoms: Enhydrina schistosa (geographical variants from Weipa and Malaysia), Lapemis curtus (Weipa and Malaysia), Laticauda colubrina, Aipysurus laevis, Aipysurus fuscus and Aipysurus foliosquamatus. Venom from a terrestrial snake, Notechis scutatus (tiger snake), was used as a reference. All venoms (1 and 3 μg/ml) abolished indirect twitches of the chick biventer cervicis muscle and significantly inhibited responses to ACh (1 mM) and CCh (20 μM), but not KCl (40 mM), indicating the presence of post-synaptic toxins. Prior administration (10 min) of CSL sea snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) attenuated the twitch blockade produced by N. scutatus venom and all sea snake venoms (1 μg/ml). Prior administration (10 min) of CSL tiger snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) attenuated the twitch blockade of all venoms except those produced by E. schistosa (Malaysia and Weipa) and A. foliosquamatus. Administration of CSL sea snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) at t 90 (i.e. time at which 90% inhibition of initial twitch height occurred) reversed the inhibition of twitches (20–50%) produced by the sea snake venoms (1 μg/ml) but not by N. scutatus venom (1 μg/ml). CSL tiger snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) administered at t 90 produced only minor reversal (i.e. 15–25%) of the twitch blockade caused by L. curtus (Weipa), A. foliosquamatus, L. colubrina and A. laevis venoms (1 μg/ml). Differences in the rate of reversal of the neurotoxicity produced by the two geographical variants of E. schistosa venom, after addition of CSL sea snake antivenom, indicate possible differences in venom components. This study shows that sea snake venoms contain potent post-synaptic activity that, despite the significant genetic distances between the lineages, can be neutralised with CSL sea snake antivenom. However, the effects of CSL tiger snake antivenom are more variable. We examined the neurotoxicity of the following sea snake venoms: Enhydrina schistosa (geographical variants from Weipa and Malaysia), Lapemis curtus (Weipa and Malaysia), Laticauda colubrina, Aipysurus laevis, Aipysurus fuscus and Aipysurus foliosquamatus. Venom from a terrestrial snake, Notechis scutatus (tiger snake), was used as a reference. All venoms (1 and 3 microg/ml) abolished indirect twitches of the chick biventer cervicis muscle and significantly inhibited responses to ACh (1 mM) and CCh (20 microM), but not KCl (40 mM), indicating the presence of post-synaptic toxins. Prior administration (10 min) of CSL sea snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) attenuated the twitch blockade produced by N. scutatus venom and all sea snake venoms (1 microg/ml). Prior administration (10 min) of CSL tiger snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) attenuated the twitch blockade of all venoms except those produced by E. schistosa (Malaysia and Weipa) and A. foliosquamatus. Administration of CSL sea snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) at t90 (i.e. time at which 90% inhibition of initial twitch height occurred) reversed the inhibition of twitches (20-50%) produced by the sea snake venoms (1 microg/ml) but not by N. scutatus venom (1 microg/ml). CSL tiger snake antivenom (1 unit/ml) administered at t90 produced only minor reversal (i.e. 15-25%) of the twitch blockade caused by L. curtus (Weipa), A. foliosquamatus, L. colubrina and A. laevis venoms (1 microg/ml). Differences in the rate of reversal of the neurotoxicity produced by the two geographical variants of E. schistosa venom, after addition of CSL sea snake antivenom, indicate possible differences in venom components. This study shows that sea snake venoms contain potent post-synaptic activity that, despite the significant genetic distances between the lineages, can be neutralised with CSL sea snake antivenom. However, the effects of CSL tiger snake antivenom are more variable. |
Author | Winkel, Ken Fry, Bryan G Chetty, Navinisha Du, Amanda Hodgson, Wayne C |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Navinisha surname: Chetty fullname: Chetty, Navinisha organization: Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia – sequence: 2 givenname: Amanda surname: Du fullname: Du, Amanda organization: Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia – sequence: 3 givenname: Wayne C surname: Hodgson fullname: Hodgson, Wayne C email: wayne.hodgson@med.monash.edu.au organization: Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia – sequence: 4 givenname: Ken surname: Winkel fullname: Winkel, Ken organization: Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia – sequence: 5 givenname: Bryan G surname: Fry fullname: Fry, Bryan G organization: Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia |
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Keywords | Sea snake Neurotoxicity Antivenom Tiger snake Venom Marine environment Vertebrata Toxicity Animal origin Reptilia In vitro Neutralization Ophidia |
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Snippet | We examined the neurotoxicity of the following sea snake venoms:
Enhydrina schistosa (geographical variants from Weipa and Malaysia),
Lapemis curtus (Weipa and... We examined the neurotoxicity of the following sea snake venoms: Enhydrina schistosa (geographical variants from Weipa and Malaysia), Lapemis curtus (Weipa and... |
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SubjectTerms | Aipysurus Aipysurus laevis Animal poisons toxicology. Antivenoms Animals Antivenins - pharmacology Antivenom Biological and medical sciences Chickens Elapid Venoms - antagonists & inhibitors Elapid Venoms - toxicity Elapidae Enhydrina schistosa Lapemis curtus Laticauda colubrina Marine Medical sciences Muscle Contraction - drug effects Neuromuscular Junction - drug effects Neurotoxicity Neurotoxins - toxicity Notechis scutatus Sea snake Species Specificity Tiger snake Toxicology Venom |
Title | The in vitro neuromuscular activity of Indo-Pacific sea-snake venoms: efficacy of two commercially available antivenoms |
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