Protective efficacy, immunotherapeutic potential, and safety of hepatitis B vaccines

Hepatitis B vaccines are highly effective and safe and have been incorporated into national immunization programs in over 150 countries. The major humoral immune response is to the common a determinant of the surface antigen protein of the virus. Approximately 5–10% of healthy immunocompetent subjec...

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Published inJournal of medical virology Vol. 78; no. 2; pp. 169 - 177
Main Author Zuckerman, Jane N.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Hoboken Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 01.02.2006
Wiley-Liss
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Abstract Hepatitis B vaccines are highly effective and safe and have been incorporated into national immunization programs in over 150 countries. The major humoral immune response is to the common a determinant of the surface antigen protein of the virus. Approximately 5–10% of healthy immunocompetent subjects do not mount an antibody response (anti‐HBs). Non‐response is associated with different HLA‐DR alleles and impaired Th cell response, among other factors such as route of injection, age, gender, body mass, and other factors. Important hepatitis B surface antigen variants have also been identified, which may have a potential impact on immunization and routine screening of blood, blood products and tissues, and organs for transplantation. Strategies for hepatitis B immunization are reviewed. Over 1,000 million doses of hepatitis B vaccine have been used with an outstanding record of safety. There is no evidence of an association between hepatitis B vaccines and the sudden infant death syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Several studies are in progress on treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection by immunization with multiple antigenic components, combination of vaccine with antiviral drugs and cytokines, T cell vaccines, DNA vaccines alone or with DNA encoded immunomodulatory cytokines, and direct genetic manipulation of antigen presenting cells. J. Med. Virol. 78:169–177, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
AbstractList Hepatitis B vaccines are highly effective and safe and have been incorporated into national immunization programs in over 150 countries. The major humoral immune response is to the common a determinant of the surface antigen protein of the virus. Approximately 5-10% of healthy immunocompetent subjects do not mount an antibody response (anti-HBs). Non-response is associated with different HLA-DR alleles and impaired Th cell response, among other factors such as route of injection, age, gender, body mass, and other factors. Important hepatitis B surface antigen variants have also been identified, which may have a potential impact on immunization and routine screening of blood, blood products and tissues, and organs for transplantation. Strategies for hepatitis B immunization are reviewed. Over 1,000 million doses of hepatitis B vaccine have been used with an outstanding record of safety. There is no evidence of an association between hepatitis B vaccines and the sudden infant death syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Several studies are in progress on treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection by immunization with multiple antigenic components, combination of vaccine with antiviral drugs and cytokines, T cell vaccines, DNA vaccines alone or with DNA encoded immunomodulatory cytokines, and direct genetic manipulation of antigen presenting cells.
Hepatitis B vaccines are highly effective and safe and have been incorporated into national immunization programs in over 150 countries. The major humoral immune response is to the common a determinant of the surface antigen protein of the virus. Approximately 5–10% of healthy immunocompetent subjects do not mount an antibody response (anti‐HBs). Non‐response is associated with different HLA‐DR alleles and impaired Th cell response, among other factors such as route of injection, age, gender, body mass, and other factors. Important hepatitis B surface antigen variants have also been identified, which may have a potential impact on immunization and routine screening of blood, blood products and tissues, and organs for transplantation. Strategies for hepatitis B immunization are reviewed. Over 1,000 million doses of hepatitis B vaccine have been used with an outstanding record of safety. There is no evidence of an association between hepatitis B vaccines and the sudden infant death syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Several studies are in progress on treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection by immunization with multiple antigenic components, combination of vaccine with antiviral drugs and cytokines, T cell vaccines, DNA vaccines alone or with DNA encoded immunomodulatory cytokines, and direct genetic manipulation of antigen presenting cells. J. Med. Virol. 78:169–177, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis B vaccines are highly effective and safe and have been incorporated into national immunization programs in over 150 countries. The major humoral immune response is to the common a determinant of the surface antigen protein of the virus. Approximately 5-10% of healthy immunocompetent subjects do not mount an antibody response (anti-HBs). Non-response is associated with different HLA-DR alleles and impaired Th cell response, among other factors such as route of injection, age, gender, body mass, and other factors. Important hepatitis B surface antigen variants have also been identified, which may have a potential impact on immunization and routine screening of blood, blood products and tissues, and organs for transplantation. Strategies for hepatitis B immunization are reviewed. Over 1,000 million doses of hepatitis B vaccine have been used with an outstanding record of safety. There is no evidence of an association between hepatitis B vaccines and the sudden infant death syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Several studies are in progress on treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection by immunization with multiple antigenic components, combination of vaccine with antiviral drugs and cytokines, T cell vaccines, DNA vaccines alone or with DNA encoded immunomodulatory cytokines, and direct genetic manipulation of antigen presenting cells. J. Med. Virol. 78:169-177, 2006.
Hepatitis B vaccines are highly effective and safe and have been incorporated into national immunization programs in over 150 countries. The major humoral immune response is to the common a determinant of the surface antigen protein of the virus. Approximately 5-10% of healthy immunocompetent subjects do not mount an antibody response (anti-HBs). Non-response is associated with different HLA-DR alleles and impaired Th cell response, among other factors such as route of injection, age, gender, body mass, and other factors. Important hepatitis B surface antigen variants have also been identified, which may have a potential impact on immunization and routine screening of blood, blood products and tissues, and organs for transplantation. Strategies for hepatitis B immunization are reviewed. Over 1,000 million doses of hepatitis B vaccine have been used with an outstanding record of safety. There is no evidence of an association between hepatitis B vaccines and the sudden infant death syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Several studies are in progress on treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection by immunization with multiple antigenic components, combination of vaccine with antiviral drugs and cytokines, T cell vaccines, DNA vaccines alone or with DNA encoded immunomodulatory cytokines, and direct genetic manipulation of antigen presenting cells.Hepatitis B vaccines are highly effective and safe and have been incorporated into national immunization programs in over 150 countries. The major humoral immune response is to the common a determinant of the surface antigen protein of the virus. Approximately 5-10% of healthy immunocompetent subjects do not mount an antibody response (anti-HBs). Non-response is associated with different HLA-DR alleles and impaired Th cell response, among other factors such as route of injection, age, gender, body mass, and other factors. Important hepatitis B surface antigen variants have also been identified, which may have a potential impact on immunization and routine screening of blood, blood products and tissues, and organs for transplantation. Strategies for hepatitis B immunization are reviewed. Over 1,000 million doses of hepatitis B vaccine have been used with an outstanding record of safety. There is no evidence of an association between hepatitis B vaccines and the sudden infant death syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Several studies are in progress on treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection by immunization with multiple antigenic components, combination of vaccine with antiviral drugs and cytokines, T cell vaccines, DNA vaccines alone or with DNA encoded immunomodulatory cytokines, and direct genetic manipulation of antigen presenting cells.
Author Zuckerman, Jane N.
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IsPeerReviewed true
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Issue 2
Keywords Immune response
Toxicity
Orthohepadnavirus
Hepatic disease
DNA vaccines
Genetic vaccine
Infection
Virus
Viral hepatitis B
Hepadnaviridae
Efficiency
Viral disease
Immunotherapy
HBV mutants
hepatitis B vaccines
safety
Digestive diseases
Mutation
Hepatitis B virus
Language English
License http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1
CC BY 4.0
Copyright 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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References Alper CA, Kruksall MS, Marcus_Bagley D, Craven DE, Katz AJ, Brink SJ, Dienstag JL, Awdeh Z, Yunis EJ. 1989. Genetic prediction of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine. New Eng J Med 321: 708-712.
Beckebaum S, Cicinnati VR, Gerken G. 2002. DNA-based immunotherapy: Potential for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis? Rev Med Virol 12: 297-319.
Zuckerman AJ, Zuckerman JN. 1999. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus mutants. J Med Virol 58: 193-195.
Zuckerman JN. 1996. Non-response to hepatitis B vaccines and the kinetics of anti-HBs production. J Med Virol 50: 283-288.
Dahmen A, Herzog-Hauff S, Bocher WO, Galle PR, Lohr HF. 2002. Clinical and immunological efficacy of intradermal vaccine plus lamivudine with or without interleukin-2 in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Med Virol 66: 452-460.
WER. 1999. Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI). Lack of evidence that hepatitis B vaccine causes multiple sclerosis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 72: 149-152.
Francois G, Kew M, Van Damme P, Mphahled J, Meheus A. 2001. Mutant hepatitis B viruses: A matter of academic interest only or a problem with far-reaching implications? Vaccine 19: 3799-3815.
Zuckerman JN, Zuckerman AJ. 2002. Recombinant hepatitis B triple antigen vaccine: Hepacare™. Expert Rev Vaccine 1: 141-144.
Nainan OV, Khristova ML, Byun K, Xia G, Taylor PE, Stevens CE, Margolis HS. 2002. Genetic variation of hepatitis B surface antigen coding region among infants with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Med Virol 68: 319-327.
Oon C-J, Tan K-L, Harrison TJ, Zuckerman AJ. 1996. Natural history of hepatitis B surface antigen mutants in children. Lancet 348: 1524.
Banatvala JE, Boxall E, Heptonstall J, Zuckerman AJ. 1996. Immunisation strategies: Proposal drafted in London and reviewed in prevention of hepatitis B in the newborn, children and adolescents. London: Royal Coll Physicians. pp 1-113.
Heathcote J, McHutchinson J, Lee S, Tong M, Reener K, Minuk G, Wright T, Fikes J, Livingston B, Settie A, Chestnut R. 1999. A pilot study of the CY-T cell vaccine in subjects chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. The CY 1999 T Cell vaccine Study Group. Hepatology 30: 531-536.
Hernan MA, Jick SS, Olek MJ, Jick H. 2004. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 63: 838-842.
Canada Communicable Disease Report. 1992. Adverse events following the administration of hepatitis B vaccines. Can Commun Dis Rep 18-7: 49-53.
Hsu HY, Chang MH, Liaw SH, Ni YH, Chen HL. 1999. Changes of hepatitis B surface antigen variants in carrier children before and after universal vaccination in Taiwan. Hepatology 30: 1312-1317.
Oon C-J, Lim G-K, Zaho Y, Goh K-T, Tan K-L, Yo S-L, Hopes E, Harrison TJ, Zuckerman AJ. 1995. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus vaccine variants in Singapore. Vaccine 13: 699-702.
Carman WF, Zanetti AR, Karayiannis P, Waters J, Manzillo G, Tanzi E, Zuckerman AJ, Thomas HC. 1990. Vaccine-induced escape mutant of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 336: 325-329.
Jarrosson L, Kolopp-Sarda MN, Aguillar P, Bene MC, Faure GC, Kohler C. 2004. Most humoral non-responders to hepatitis B vaccines develop HBV-specific cellular immune responses. Vaccine 22: 3789-3796.
Jefferson T. 1998. Vaccination and its adverse effects: Real or perceived. Brit Med J 317: 159-160.
Autram B, Carcelain G, Combadiere B, Debre P. 2004. Therapeutic vaccines for chronic infections. Science 305: 205-208.
Gout O, Lyon-Caen O. 1998. Sclerotic plaques and vaccination against hepatitis B. Rev Neurol (Paris) 154: 205-207.
Gonclaves L, Albarrar B, Salmen S, Borges L, Fields H, Montes H, Soyano A, Diaz Y, Berruta L. 2004. The non-response to hepatitis B vaccination is associated with impaired lymphocyte activation. Virology 326: 20-28.
Canada Medical Association. 1993. Report of the working group on the possible relationship between hepatitis B vaccination and the chronic fatigue syndrome. Can Med Assoc J 149: 314-316.
Zuckerman JN, Zuckerman AJ. 1998. Is there a need for boosters of hepatitis B vaccines? Viral Hepatitis Rev 4: 43-46.
Zuckerman JN, Cockcroft A, Zuckerman AJ. 1992. Site of injection for vaccination. Brit Med J 305: 1158-1159.
Confavreux C, Suissa S, Saddier P, Bourdes V, Vukusic S. 2001. Vaccinations and the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis. New Eng J Med 344: 319-326.
Wilson JN, Nokes DJ, Carman WF. 1999. The predicted pattern of emergence of vaccine-resistant hepatitis B: A cause for concern? Vaccine 17: 973-978.
Michel M-L, Pol S, Brechot C, Tiollais P. 2001. Immunotherapy of chronic hepatitis B by anti-HBV vaccine: From present to future. Vaccine 19: 2395-2399.
Krusall MS, Alper CA, Awdeh Z, Yunis EJ, Marcus-Bagley D. 1992. The immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in humans: Inheritance patterns in families. J Exp Med 175: 495-502.
Wraith DC, Goldman M, Lambert P-H. 2003. Vaccination and autoimmune disease: What is the evidence? Lancet 362: 1659-1666.
Ascherio A, Zhnag SM, Herbab MA, Olek MJ, Coplan PM, Brodovicz K, walker AM. 2001. Hepatitis B vaccination and the risk of multiple sclerosis. New Eng J Med 344: 327-332.
European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity. 2002. Are booster immunisations needed for lifelong hepatitis B immunity? Lancet 355: 561-565.
Tourbah A, Gout O, Liblau R, Lyon-Caen O, Bougniot C, Iba-Zizen Cabanis EA. 1999. Encephalitis after hepatitis B vaccination: Recurrent disseminated encephalitis or MS? Neurology 53: 396-401.
Milich DR, McLachlan A, Chisari FV, Kent SB, Thornton GB. 1986. Immune response to the pre-S1 region of hepatitis B surface antigen: A pre-S1-specific T cell response can bypass non-responsiveness to the pre-S2 and S regions of HbsAg. J Immunol 137: 315-322.
Whittle H, Jaffar S, Warnsborough M, Mendy M, Dumpis U, Collinson A, Hall XX. 2002. Observational study of vaccine efficacy 14 years after trial of hepatitis B vaccination in Gambian children. Brit Med J 325: 569-572.
McDermott AB, Cohen SBA, Zuckerman JN, Madrigal J. 1999. Human leukocyte antigens influence the immune response to a pre-S1, pre-S2, S hepatitis B vaccine. Vaccine 17: 330-339.
2004; 22
2001; 344
2004; 63
1986; 137
2002; 12
2002; 355
1995; 13
1998; 317
1996; 50
2002; 1
1997
1996
1992; 305
1998; 154
2004; 305
1993; 149
2004; 326
1996; 348
1999
1990; 336
1992; 18‐7
1989; 321
1992; 175
1999; 17
2002; 68
2002; 66
1999; 58
2001; 19
2002; 325
1999; 53
1999; 30
1999; 72
1998; 4
2003; 362
1988
Heathcote (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB16) 1999; 30
Canada Medical Association (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB8) 1993; 149
Tourbah (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB30) 1999; 53
Gout (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB15) 1998; 154
Arif (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB2) 1988
Beckebaum (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB6) 2002; 12
Confavreux (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB10) 2001; 344
Zuckerman (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB38) 2002; 1
Canada Communicable Disease Report (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB7) 1992; 18-7
Zuckerman (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB36) 1998; 4
Banatvala (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB5) 1996
European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB12) 2002; 355
Hsu (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB18) 1999; 30
Jefferson (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB20) 1998; 317
Margolis (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB22) 1999
Nainan (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB27) 2002; 68
Zuckerman (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB37) 1999; 58
McDermott (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB23) 1999; 17
Wraith (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB34) 2003; 362
Alper (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB1) 1989; 321
Hernan (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB17) 2004; 63
Francois (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB13) 2001; 19
Jarrosson (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB19) 2004; 22
WER (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB31) 1999; 72
Zuckerman (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB35) 1996; 50
Carman (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB9) 1990; 336
Krusall (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB21) 1992; 175
Whittle (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB32) 2002; 325
Gonclaves (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB14) 2004; 326
Oon (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB28) 1995; 13
Michel (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB24) 2001; 19
Oon (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB29) 1996; 348
Ascherio (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB3) 2001; 344
Milich (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB25) 1986; 137
Nainan (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB26) 1997
Wilson (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB33) 1999; 17
Zuckerman (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB39) 1992; 305
Autram (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB4) 2004; 305
Dahmen (10.1002/jmv.20524-BIB11) 2002; 66
References_xml – reference: Heathcote J, McHutchinson J, Lee S, Tong M, Reener K, Minuk G, Wright T, Fikes J, Livingston B, Settie A, Chestnut R. 1999. A pilot study of the CY-T cell vaccine in subjects chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. The CY 1999 T Cell vaccine Study Group. Hepatology 30: 531-536.
– reference: Zuckerman JN. 1996. Non-response to hepatitis B vaccines and the kinetics of anti-HBs production. J Med Virol 50: 283-288.
– reference: McDermott AB, Cohen SBA, Zuckerman JN, Madrigal J. 1999. Human leukocyte antigens influence the immune response to a pre-S1, pre-S2, S hepatitis B vaccine. Vaccine 17: 330-339.
– reference: Wilson JN, Nokes DJ, Carman WF. 1999. The predicted pattern of emergence of vaccine-resistant hepatitis B: A cause for concern? Vaccine 17: 973-978.
– reference: Francois G, Kew M, Van Damme P, Mphahled J, Meheus A. 2001. Mutant hepatitis B viruses: A matter of academic interest only or a problem with far-reaching implications? Vaccine 19: 3799-3815.
– reference: Hernan MA, Jick SS, Olek MJ, Jick H. 2004. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 63: 838-842.
– reference: Zuckerman JN, Zuckerman AJ. 1998. Is there a need for boosters of hepatitis B vaccines? Viral Hepatitis Rev 4: 43-46.
– reference: Banatvala JE, Boxall E, Heptonstall J, Zuckerman AJ. 1996. Immunisation strategies: Proposal drafted in London and reviewed in prevention of hepatitis B in the newborn, children and adolescents. London: Royal Coll Physicians. pp 1-113.
– reference: Zuckerman AJ, Zuckerman JN. 1999. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus mutants. J Med Virol 58: 193-195.
– reference: Whittle H, Jaffar S, Warnsborough M, Mendy M, Dumpis U, Collinson A, Hall XX. 2002. Observational study of vaccine efficacy 14 years after trial of hepatitis B vaccination in Gambian children. Brit Med J 325: 569-572.
– reference: Wraith DC, Goldman M, Lambert P-H. 2003. Vaccination and autoimmune disease: What is the evidence? Lancet 362: 1659-1666.
– reference: Gout O, Lyon-Caen O. 1998. Sclerotic plaques and vaccination against hepatitis B. Rev Neurol (Paris) 154: 205-207.
– reference: Oon C-J, Tan K-L, Harrison TJ, Zuckerman AJ. 1996. Natural history of hepatitis B surface antigen mutants in children. Lancet 348: 1524.
– reference: Alper CA, Kruksall MS, Marcus_Bagley D, Craven DE, Katz AJ, Brink SJ, Dienstag JL, Awdeh Z, Yunis EJ. 1989. Genetic prediction of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine. New Eng J Med 321: 708-712.
– reference: WER. 1999. Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI). Lack of evidence that hepatitis B vaccine causes multiple sclerosis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 72: 149-152.
– reference: Michel M-L, Pol S, Brechot C, Tiollais P. 2001. Immunotherapy of chronic hepatitis B by anti-HBV vaccine: From present to future. Vaccine 19: 2395-2399.
– reference: Dahmen A, Herzog-Hauff S, Bocher WO, Galle PR, Lohr HF. 2002. Clinical and immunological efficacy of intradermal vaccine plus lamivudine with or without interleukin-2 in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Med Virol 66: 452-460.
– reference: Beckebaum S, Cicinnati VR, Gerken G. 2002. DNA-based immunotherapy: Potential for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis? Rev Med Virol 12: 297-319.
– reference: European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity. 2002. Are booster immunisations needed for lifelong hepatitis B immunity? Lancet 355: 561-565.
– reference: Nainan OV, Khristova ML, Byun K, Xia G, Taylor PE, Stevens CE, Margolis HS. 2002. Genetic variation of hepatitis B surface antigen coding region among infants with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Med Virol 68: 319-327.
– reference: Zuckerman JN, Zuckerman AJ. 2002. Recombinant hepatitis B triple antigen vaccine: Hepacare™. Expert Rev Vaccine 1: 141-144.
– reference: Zuckerman JN, Cockcroft A, Zuckerman AJ. 1992. Site of injection for vaccination. Brit Med J 305: 1158-1159.
– reference: Tourbah A, Gout O, Liblau R, Lyon-Caen O, Bougniot C, Iba-Zizen Cabanis EA. 1999. Encephalitis after hepatitis B vaccination: Recurrent disseminated encephalitis or MS? Neurology 53: 396-401.
– reference: Krusall MS, Alper CA, Awdeh Z, Yunis EJ, Marcus-Bagley D. 1992. The immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in humans: Inheritance patterns in families. J Exp Med 175: 495-502.
– reference: Ascherio A, Zhnag SM, Herbab MA, Olek MJ, Coplan PM, Brodovicz K, walker AM. 2001. Hepatitis B vaccination and the risk of multiple sclerosis. New Eng J Med 344: 327-332.
– reference: Confavreux C, Suissa S, Saddier P, Bourdes V, Vukusic S. 2001. Vaccinations and the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis. New Eng J Med 344: 319-326.
– reference: Canada Communicable Disease Report. 1992. Adverse events following the administration of hepatitis B vaccines. Can Commun Dis Rep 18-7: 49-53.
– reference: Jarrosson L, Kolopp-Sarda MN, Aguillar P, Bene MC, Faure GC, Kohler C. 2004. Most humoral non-responders to hepatitis B vaccines develop HBV-specific cellular immune responses. Vaccine 22: 3789-3796.
– reference: Gonclaves L, Albarrar B, Salmen S, Borges L, Fields H, Montes H, Soyano A, Diaz Y, Berruta L. 2004. The non-response to hepatitis B vaccination is associated with impaired lymphocyte activation. Virology 326: 20-28.
– reference: Carman WF, Zanetti AR, Karayiannis P, Waters J, Manzillo G, Tanzi E, Zuckerman AJ, Thomas HC. 1990. Vaccine-induced escape mutant of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 336: 325-329.
– reference: Milich DR, McLachlan A, Chisari FV, Kent SB, Thornton GB. 1986. Immune response to the pre-S1 region of hepatitis B surface antigen: A pre-S1-specific T cell response can bypass non-responsiveness to the pre-S2 and S regions of HbsAg. J Immunol 137: 315-322.
– reference: Autram B, Carcelain G, Combadiere B, Debre P. 2004. Therapeutic vaccines for chronic infections. Science 305: 205-208.
– reference: Oon C-J, Lim G-K, Zaho Y, Goh K-T, Tan K-L, Yo S-L, Hopes E, Harrison TJ, Zuckerman AJ. 1995. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus vaccine variants in Singapore. Vaccine 13: 699-702.
– reference: Canada Medical Association. 1993. Report of the working group on the possible relationship between hepatitis B vaccination and the chronic fatigue syndrome. Can Med Assoc J 149: 314-316.
– reference: Hsu HY, Chang MH, Liaw SH, Ni YH, Chen HL. 1999. Changes of hepatitis B surface antigen variants in carrier children before and after universal vaccination in Taiwan. Hepatology 30: 1312-1317.
– reference: Jefferson T. 1998. Vaccination and its adverse effects: Real or perceived. Brit Med J 317: 159-160.
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Snippet Hepatitis B vaccines are highly effective and safe and have been incorporated into national immunization programs in over 150 countries. The major humoral...
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SubjectTerms Age Factors
Alleles
Biological and medical sciences
DNA vaccines
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
HBV mutants
Hepatitis B - immunology
Hepatitis B - prevention & control
Hepatitis B Antibodies - blood
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens
hepatitis B vaccines
Hepatitis B Vaccines - administration & dosage
Hepatitis B Vaccines - genetics
Hepatitis B Vaccines - immunology
Hepatitis B Vaccines - therapeutic use
Hepatitis B, Chronic - therapy
HLA-DR Antigens - genetics
Human viral diseases
Humans
immune response
immunotherapy
Infectious diseases
Injections
Medical sciences
Microbiology
Miscellaneous
Mutation
Safety
Sex Factors
T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer - immunology
Vaccination
Vaccines, DNA
Viral diseases
Viral hepatitis
Virology
Title Protective efficacy, immunotherapeutic potential, and safety of hepatitis B vaccines
URI https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-7Q4ZBRLH-3/fulltext.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fjmv.20524
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16372285
https://www.proquest.com/docview/20528212
https://www.proquest.com/docview/67595162
Volume 78
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