Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic in Rice in Brazil: A Human Health Risk Assessment
In certain populations, rice is the main source of exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), which is associated with cancer and non-cancer effects. Although rice is a staple food in Brazil, there have been few studies about the health risks for the Brazilian population. The objective of this study was t...
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| Published in | International journal of environmental research and public health Vol. 19; no. 24; p. 16460 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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08.12.2022
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| Abstract | In certain populations, rice is the main source of exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), which is associated with cancer and non-cancer effects. Although rice is a staple food in Brazil, there have been few studies about the health risks for the Brazilian population. The objective of this study was to assess the risks of exposure to iAs from white rice and brown rice in Brazil, in terms of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects, and to propose measures to mitigate those risks. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated in a probabilistic framework. The mean ILCR was 1.5 × 10
for white rice and 6.0 × 10
for brown rice. The HQ for white and brown rice was under 1. The ILCR for white and brown rice was high, even though the iAs concentration in rice is below the maximum contaminant level. The risk for brown rice consumption was lower, which was not expected. Various mitigation measures discussed in this report are estimated to reduce the risk from rice consumption by 5-67%. With the support of public policies, measures to reduce these risks for the Brazilian population would have a positive impact on public health. |
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| AbstractList | In certain populations, rice is the main source of exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), which is associated with cancer and non-cancer effects. Although rice is a staple food in Brazil, there have been few studies about the health risks for the Brazilian population. The objective of this study was to assess the risks of exposure to iAs from white rice and brown rice in Brazil, in terms of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects, and to propose measures to mitigate those risks. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated in a probabilistic framework. The mean ILCR was 1.5 × 10
−4
for white rice and 6.0 × 10
−6
for brown rice. The HQ for white and brown rice was under 1. The ILCR for white and brown rice was high, even though the iAs concentration in rice is below the maximum contaminant level. The risk for brown rice consumption was lower, which was not expected. Various mitigation measures discussed in this report are estimated to reduce the risk from rice consumption by 5–67%. With the support of public policies, measures to reduce these risks for the Brazilian population would have a positive impact on public health. In certain populations, rice is the main source of exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), which is associated with cancer and non-cancer effects. Although rice is a staple food in Brazil, there have been few studies about the health risks for the Brazilian population. The objective of this study was to assess the risks of exposure to iAs from white rice and brown rice in Brazil, in terms of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects, and to propose measures to mitigate those risks. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated in a probabilistic framework. The mean ILCR was 1.5 × 10−4 for white rice and 6.0 × 10−6 for brown rice. The HQ for white and brown rice was under 1. The ILCR for white and brown rice was high, even though the iAs concentration in rice is below the maximum contaminant level. The risk for brown rice consumption was lower, which was not expected. Various mitigation measures discussed in this report are estimated to reduce the risk from rice consumption by 5–67%. With the support of public policies, measures to reduce these risks for the Brazilian population would have a positive impact on public health. In certain populations, rice is the main source of exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), which is associated with cancer and non-cancer effects. Although rice is a staple food in Brazil, there have been few studies about the health risks for the Brazilian population. The objective of this study was to assess the risks of exposure to iAs from white rice and brown rice in Brazil, in terms of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects, and to propose measures to mitigate those risks. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated in a probabilistic framework. The mean ILCR was 1.5 × 10 for white rice and 6.0 × 10 for brown rice. The HQ for white and brown rice was under 1. The ILCR for white and brown rice was high, even though the iAs concentration in rice is below the maximum contaminant level. The risk for brown rice consumption was lower, which was not expected. Various mitigation measures discussed in this report are estimated to reduce the risk from rice consumption by 5-67%. With the support of public policies, measures to reduce these risks for the Brazilian population would have a positive impact on public health. |
| Author | Batista, Bruno L Lee, Janice S Nardocci, Adelaide C Toledo, Michele C Olympio, Kelly P K |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of the ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil 2 United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA 1 School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil – name: 3 Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of the ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil – name: 2 United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Michele C surname: Toledo fullname: Toledo, Michele C organization: School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil – sequence: 2 givenname: Janice S orcidid: 0000-0002-4331-8452 surname: Lee fullname: Lee, Janice S organization: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Bruno L orcidid: 0000-0002-2216-9013 surname: Batista fullname: Batista, Bruno L organization: Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of the ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil – sequence: 4 givenname: Kelly P K orcidid: 0000-0002-4257-8295 surname: Olympio fullname: Olympio, Kelly P K organization: School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil – sequence: 5 givenname: Adelaide C surname: Nardocci fullname: Nardocci, Adelaide C organization: School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil |
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| Keywords | food contaminants Monte Carlo mitigation measure dietary exposure risk probabilistic risk assessment hazard quotient |
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| SubjectTerms | Age groups Arsenic Arsenic - analysis Arsenicals - analysis Brazil - epidemiology Cancer Carcinogens Contaminants Exposure Food Food Contamination - analysis Health risks Humans Monte Carlo simulation Oryza Population Public health Public policy Rice Risk Assessment Risk reduction |
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| Title | Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic in Rice in Brazil: A Human Health Risk Assessment |
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