Effect of feeding frequency on growth performance, antioxidant status, immune response and resistance to hypoxia stress challenge on juvenile dolly varden char Salvelinus malma

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding frequency on growth, antioxidant status, immune response and resistance to hypoxia stress challenge on juvenile dolly varden char Salvelinus malma (average weight: 9.40±0.30g). Fish were randomly assigned to one of six feeding frequencies (1, 2, 3,...

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Published in	Aquaculture Vol. 486; pp. 197 - 201
Main Authors	Guo, Zhixin, Cui, Jingyuan, Li, Ming, Liu, Honghan, Zhang, Muzi, Meng, Fanxing, Shi, Ge, Wang, Rixin, He, Xiaoyan, Zhao, Yumin
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Elsevier B.V 03.02.2018
Subjects	alanine transaminase antioxidant activity Antioxidant enzyme antioxidants aspartate transaminase blood serum complement feed intake Feeding frequency fish Growth growth performance hepatosomatic index hypoxia Immune response juveniles lipid content lysozyme malondialdehyde mortality Salvelinus malma weight gain Immune response Feeding frequency Antioxidant enzyme Growth Salvelinus malma
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Abstract	This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding frequency on growth, antioxidant status, immune response and resistance to hypoxia stress challenge on juvenile dolly varden char Salvelinus malma (average weight: 9.40±0.30g). Fish were randomly assigned to one of six feeding frequencies (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6times/day) following the same ration size for 8weeks. Weight gain increased significantly as feeding frequency increased from 1 to 5times/day, but decreased with further increasing feeding frequency. Feed intake, whole body crude lipid content, serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and malondialdehyde content increased significantly as feeding frequency increased. Serum total antioxidant capacity increased significantly as feeding frequency increased from 1 to 5times/day. Hepatosomatic index, serum lysozyme activity and 50% haemolytic complement content of fish fed 1–2times/day were lower than those of fish fed 3–6times/day. During the hypoxia challenge, cumulative mortality increased significantly as feeding frequency or hypoxia time increased. This study indicates that lower and higher feeding frequencies had a negative influence on growth of dolly varden char; the optimal feeding frequency to enhance growth and boost immunity of this species at juvenile stage is 4times/day. •Both low and high feeding frequency could attenuate growth of fish.•High feeding frequency had the highest cumulative mortality after hypoxia challenge.•The optimal feeding rate for Salvelinus malma is estimated to be 4times/day.
AbstractList	This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding frequency on growth, antioxidant status, immune response and resistance to hypoxia stress challenge on juvenile dolly varden char Salvelinus malma (average weight: 9.40±0.30g). Fish were randomly assigned to one of six feeding frequencies (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6times/day) following the same ration size for 8weeks. Weight gain increased significantly as feeding frequency increased from 1 to 5times/day, but decreased with further increasing feeding frequency. Feed intake, whole body crude lipid content, serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and malondialdehyde content increased significantly as feeding frequency increased. Serum total antioxidant capacity increased significantly as feeding frequency increased from 1 to 5times/day. Hepatosomatic index, serum lysozyme activity and 50% haemolytic complement content of fish fed 1–2times/day were lower than those of fish fed 3–6times/day. During the hypoxia challenge, cumulative mortality increased significantly as feeding frequency or hypoxia time increased. This study indicates that lower and higher feeding frequencies had a negative influence on growth of dolly varden char; the optimal feeding frequency to enhance growth and boost immunity of this species at juvenile stage is 4times/day. •Both low and high feeding frequency could attenuate growth of fish.•High feeding frequency had the highest cumulative mortality after hypoxia challenge.•The optimal feeding rate for Salvelinus malma is estimated to be 4times/day. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding frequency on growth, antioxidant status, immune response and resistance to hypoxia stress challenge on juvenile dolly varden char Salvelinus malma (average weight: 9.40±0.30g). Fish were randomly assigned to one of six feeding frequencies (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6times/day) following the same ration size for 8weeks. Weight gain increased significantly as feeding frequency increased from 1 to 5times/day, but decreased with further increasing feeding frequency. Feed intake, whole body crude lipid content, serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and malondialdehyde content increased significantly as feeding frequency increased. Serum total antioxidant capacity increased significantly as feeding frequency increased from 1 to 5times/day. Hepatosomatic index, serum lysozyme activity and 50% haemolytic complement content of fish fed 1–2times/day were lower than those of fish fed 3–6times/day. During the hypoxia challenge, cumulative mortality increased significantly as feeding frequency or hypoxia time increased. This study indicates that lower and higher feeding frequencies had a negative influence on growth of dolly varden char; the optimal feeding frequency to enhance growth and boost immunity of this species at juvenile stage is 4times/day.
Author	Wang, Rixin Meng, Fanxing Zhao, Yumin Li, Ming Guo, Zhixin Liu, Honghan He, Xiaoyan Cui, Jingyuan Zhang, Muzi Shi, Ge
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Zhixin surname: Guo fullname: Guo, Zhixin organization: School of Life Sciences, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua 134099, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Jingyuan surname: Cui fullname: Cui, Jingyuan organization: School of Life Sciences, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua 134099, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Ming surname: Li fullname: Li, Ming email: liming1@nbu.edu.cn organization: School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Honghan surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Honghan organization: School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Muzi surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Muzi organization: School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Fanxing orcidid: 0000-0003-3656-2905 surname: Meng fullname: Meng, Fanxing organization: School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China – sequence: 7 givenname: Ge surname: Shi fullname: Shi, Ge organization: School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China – sequence: 8 givenname: Rixin surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Rixin organization: School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China – sequence: 9 givenname: Xiaoyan surname: He fullname: He, Xiaoyan organization: School of Life Sciences, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua 134099, China – sequence: 10 givenname: Yumin surname: Zhao fullname: Zhao, Yumin email: zhaoyumin1964@163.com organization: School of Life Sciences, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua 134099, China
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SubjectTerms	alanine transaminase antioxidant activity Antioxidant enzyme antioxidants aspartate transaminase blood serum complement feed intake Feeding frequency fish Growth growth performance hepatosomatic index hypoxia Immune response juveniles lipid content lysozyme malondialdehyde mortality Salvelinus malma weight gain
Title	Effect of feeding frequency on growth performance, antioxidant status, immune response and resistance to hypoxia stress challenge on juvenile dolly varden char Salvelinus malma
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