Pre-pandemic cross-reactive antibody and cellular responses against SARS-CoV-2 among female sex workers in Dakar, Senegal

The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact globally, yet African populations exhibited unexpectedly lower rates of severe disease and mortality. We investigated the potential role of pre-existing immunity in shaping the epidemiology of COVID-19 in Africa. Plasma collected from Senegalese female sex w...

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Published in	Frontiers in public health Vol. 13; p. 1522733
Main Authors	Herrera, Bobby Brooke, Chaplin, Beth, MBoup, Souleymane, Abdullahi, Adam, He, Michelle, Fisher, Sydney M., Akanmu, Sulaimon, Chang, Charlotte A., Hamel, Donald J., Gupta, Ravindra K., Kanki, Phyllis J.
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 2025
Subjects	Adult Antibodies, Viral - blood Antibodies, Viral - immunology antibody cellular responses COVID-19 - epidemiology COVID-19 - immunology Cross Reactions - immunology cross-reactivity Female Humans Immunity, Cellular Middle Aged Public Health SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV-2 - immunology Senegal Senegal - epidemiology Seroepidemiologic Studies Sex Workers - statistics & numerical data Young Adult Senegal SARS-CoV-2 cellular responses cross-reactivity antibody Senegal
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Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact globally, yet African populations exhibited unexpectedly lower rates of severe disease and mortality. We investigated the potential role of pre-existing immunity in shaping the epidemiology of COVID-19 in Africa. Plasma collected from Senegalese female sex workers prior to the COVID-19 pandemic was screened for SARS-CoV-2 and human coronavirus (hCoV) antibodies by virion immunoblots. For antibody-reactive plasma, paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated by fusion proteins and IFN- cellular responses were assessed via ELISPOT. We observed substantial levels of pre-existing cross-reactive immunity to SARS-CoV-2, stemming from prior exposure to seasonal hCoVs. Our antibody analysis revealed a 23.5% (47/200) seroprevalence rate against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N). These samples were then probed for antibodies against hCoV spike (S) and/or N antigens; 85.1% (40/47), 70.2% (33/47), and 95.7% (45/47) were antibody reactive against hCoV-229E, hCoV-OC43, or hCoV-HKU1, respectively. Our analysis of cellular responses also demonstrated cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 with 80.0% (36/45) and 82.2% (37/45) showing IFN- responses against S and N, respectively. A unique pre-pandemic subject had cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies with detectable neutralization and cross-reactive cellular responses. These findings suggest that prior hCoV exposure may induce cross-reactive adaptive immunity, potentially contributing to protection against COVID-19. Our study provides unique data on the dynamics of hCoV and SARS-CoV-2 immunity in Senegal and underscores the importance of understanding the role of pre-existing immunity in shaping COVID-19 outcomes globally.
AbstractList	BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact globally, yet African populations exhibited unexpectedly lower rates of severe disease and mortality. We investigated the potential role of pre-existing immunity in shaping the epidemiology of COVID-19 in Africa.MethodsPlasma collected from Senegalese female sex workers prior to the COVID-19 pandemic was screened for SARS-CoV-2 and human coronavirus (hCoV) antibodies by virion immunoblots. For antibody-reactive plasma, paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated by fusion proteins and IFN-γ cellular responses were assessed via ELISPOT.ResultsWe observed substantial levels of pre-existing cross-reactive immunity to SARS-CoV-2, stemming from prior exposure to seasonal hCoVs. Our antibody analysis revealed a 23.5% (47/200) seroprevalence rate against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N). These samples were then probed for antibodies against hCoV spike (S) and/or N antigens; 85.1% (40/47), 70.2% (33/47), and 95.7% (45/47) were antibody reactive against hCoV-229E, hCoV-OC43, or hCoV-HKU1, respectively. Our analysis of cellular responses also demonstrated cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 with 80.0% (36/45) and 82.2% (37/45) showing IFN-γ responses against S and N, respectively. A unique pre-pandemic subject had cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies with detectable neutralization and cross-reactive cellular responses.ConclusionThese findings suggest that prior hCoV exposure may induce cross-reactive adaptive immunity, potentially contributing to protection against COVID-19. Our study provides unique data on the dynamics of hCoV and SARS-CoV-2 immunity in Senegal and underscores the importance of understanding the role of pre-existing immunity in shaping COVID-19 outcomes globally. The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact globally, yet African populations exhibited unexpectedly lower rates of severe disease and mortality. We investigated the potential role of pre-existing immunity in shaping the epidemiology of COVID-19 in Africa. Plasma collected from Senegalese female sex workers prior to the COVID-19 pandemic was screened for SARS-CoV-2 and human coronavirus (hCoV) antibodies by virion immunoblots. For antibody-reactive plasma, paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated by fusion proteins and IFN- cellular responses were assessed via ELISPOT. We observed substantial levels of pre-existing cross-reactive immunity to SARS-CoV-2, stemming from prior exposure to seasonal hCoVs. Our antibody analysis revealed a 23.5% (47/200) seroprevalence rate against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N). These samples were then probed for antibodies against hCoV spike (S) and/or N antigens; 85.1% (40/47), 70.2% (33/47), and 95.7% (45/47) were antibody reactive against hCoV-229E, hCoV-OC43, or hCoV-HKU1, respectively. Our analysis of cellular responses also demonstrated cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 with 80.0% (36/45) and 82.2% (37/45) showing IFN- responses against S and N, respectively. A unique pre-pandemic subject had cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies with detectable neutralization and cross-reactive cellular responses. These findings suggest that prior hCoV exposure may induce cross-reactive adaptive immunity, potentially contributing to protection against COVID-19. Our study provides unique data on the dynamics of hCoV and SARS-CoV-2 immunity in Senegal and underscores the importance of understanding the role of pre-existing immunity in shaping COVID-19 outcomes globally. The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact globally, yet African populations exhibited unexpectedly lower rates of severe disease and mortality. We investigated the potential role of pre-existing immunity in shaping the epidemiology of COVID-19 in Africa.BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact globally, yet African populations exhibited unexpectedly lower rates of severe disease and mortality. We investigated the potential role of pre-existing immunity in shaping the epidemiology of COVID-19 in Africa.Plasma collected from Senegalese female sex workers prior to the COVID-19 pandemic was screened for SARS-CoV-2 and human coronavirus (hCoV) antibodies by virion immunoblots. For antibody-reactive plasma, paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated by fusion proteins and IFN-γ cellular responses were assessed via ELISPOT.MethodsPlasma collected from Senegalese female sex workers prior to the COVID-19 pandemic was screened for SARS-CoV-2 and human coronavirus (hCoV) antibodies by virion immunoblots. For antibody-reactive plasma, paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated by fusion proteins and IFN-γ cellular responses were assessed via ELISPOT.We observed substantial levels of pre-existing cross-reactive immunity to SARS-CoV-2, stemming from prior exposure to seasonal hCoVs. Our antibody analysis revealed a 23.5% (47/200) seroprevalence rate against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N). These samples were then probed for antibodies against hCoV spike (S) and/or N antigens; 85.1% (40/47), 70.2% (33/47), and 95.7% (45/47) were antibody reactive against hCoV-229E, hCoV-OC43, or hCoV-HKU1, respectively. Our analysis of cellular responses also demonstrated cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 with 80.0% (36/45) and 82.2% (37/45) showing IFN-γ responses against S and N, respectively. A unique pre-pandemic subject had cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies with detectable neutralization and cross-reactive cellular responses.ResultsWe observed substantial levels of pre-existing cross-reactive immunity to SARS-CoV-2, stemming from prior exposure to seasonal hCoVs. Our antibody analysis revealed a 23.5% (47/200) seroprevalence rate against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N). These samples were then probed for antibodies against hCoV spike (S) and/or N antigens; 85.1% (40/47), 70.2% (33/47), and 95.7% (45/47) were antibody reactive against hCoV-229E, hCoV-OC43, or hCoV-HKU1, respectively. Our analysis of cellular responses also demonstrated cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 with 80.0% (36/45) and 82.2% (37/45) showing IFN-γ responses against S and N, respectively. A unique pre-pandemic subject had cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies with detectable neutralization and cross-reactive cellular responses.These findings suggest that prior hCoV exposure may induce cross-reactive adaptive immunity, potentially contributing to protection against COVID-19. Our study provides unique data on the dynamics of hCoV and SARS-CoV-2 immunity in Senegal and underscores the importance of understanding the role of pre-existing immunity in shaping COVID-19 outcomes globally.ConclusionThese findings suggest that prior hCoV exposure may induce cross-reactive adaptive immunity, potentially contributing to protection against COVID-19. Our study provides unique data on the dynamics of hCoV and SARS-CoV-2 immunity in Senegal and underscores the importance of understanding the role of pre-existing immunity in shaping COVID-19 outcomes globally.
Author	Fisher, Sydney M. Gupta, Ravindra K. Abdullahi, Adam He, Michelle Hamel, Donald J. Akanmu, Sulaimon Kanki, Phyllis J. Chaplin, Beth MBoup, Souleymane Chang, Charlotte A. Herrera, Bobby Brooke
AuthorAffiliation	1 Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, NJ , United States 7 Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom 5 Institut De Recherche En Santé De Surveillance Épidémiologique Et De Formation (IRESSEF) , Dakar , Senegal 6 Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID) , Cambridge , United Kingdom 8 Lagos University Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Lagos , Lagos , Nigeria 3 Mir Biosciences, Inc. , Dunellen, NJ , United States 2 Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, NJ , United States 4 Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA , United States
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Copyright	Copyright © 2025 Herrera, Chaplin, MBoup, Abdullahi, He, Fisher, Akanmu, Chang, Hamel, Gupta and Kanki. Copyright © 2025 Herrera, Chaplin, MBoup, Abdullahi, He, Fisher, Akanmu, Chang, Hamel, Gupta and Kanki. 2025 Herrera, Chaplin, MBoup, Abdullahi, He, Fisher, Akanmu, Chang, Hamel, Gupta and Kanki
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Snippet	The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact globally, yet African populations exhibited unexpectedly lower rates of severe disease and mortality. We investigated... BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact globally, yet African populations exhibited unexpectedly lower rates of severe disease and mortality. We...
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SubjectTerms	Adult Antibodies, Viral - blood Antibodies, Viral - immunology antibody cellular responses COVID-19 - epidemiology COVID-19 - immunology Cross Reactions - immunology cross-reactivity Female Humans Immunity, Cellular Middle Aged Public Health SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV-2 - immunology Senegal Senegal - epidemiology Seroepidemiologic Studies Sex Workers - statistics & numerical data Young Adult
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Title	Pre-pandemic cross-reactive antibody and cellular responses against SARS-CoV-2 among female sex workers in Dakar, Senegal
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