All roads lead to Rome: the plasticity of gut microbiome drives the extensive adaptation of the Yarkand toad-headed agama (Phrynocephalus axillaris) to different altitudes

The gut microbiome was involved in a variety of physiological processes and played a key role in host environmental adaptation. However, the mechanisms of their response to altitudinal environmental changes remain unclear. In this study, we used 16S rRNA sequencing and LC-MS metabolomics to investig...

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Published inFrontiers in microbiology Vol. 15; p. 1501684
Main Authors Du, Jianghao, Zheng, Peng, Gao, Weizhen, Liang, Qianru, Leng, Lin, Shi, Lei
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 08.01.2025
Subjects
16S rRNA
altitude gradients
gut microbiome
LC-MS metabolomics
Microbiology
Phrynocephalus axillaris
plasticity
LC-MS metabolomics
16S rRNA
Phrynocephalus axillaris
altitude gradients
plasticity
gut microbiome
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Abstract The gut microbiome was involved in a variety of physiological processes and played a key role in host environmental adaptation. However, the mechanisms of their response to altitudinal environmental changes remain unclear. In this study, we used 16S rRNA sequencing and LC-MS metabolomics to investigate the changes in the gut microbiome and metabolism of the Yarkand toad-headed agama ( Phrynocephalus axillaris ) at different altitudes (−80 m to 2000 m). The results demonstrated that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phylum, Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae were the most abundant family, and the low-altitude populations had higher richness than high-altitude populations; Akkermansiaceae appeared to be enriched in high-altitude populations and the relative abundance tended to increase with altitude. The gut microbiome of three populations of P. axillaris at different altitudes was clustered into two different enterotypes, low-altitude populations and high-altitude populations shared an enterotype dominated by Akkermansia , Kineothrix , Phocaeicola ; intermediate-altitude populations had an enterotype dominated by Mesorhizobium , Bradyrhizobium . Metabolites involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism differed significantly at different altitudes. The above results suggest that gut microbiome plasticity drives the extensive adaptation of P. axillaris to multi-stress caused by different altitudes. With global warming, recognizing the adaptive capacity of wide-ranging species to altitude can help plan future conservation strategies.
AbstractList The gut microbiome was involved in a variety of physiological processes and played a key role in host environmental adaptation. However, the mechanisms of their response to altitudinal environmental changes remain unclear. In this study, we used 16S rRNA sequencing and LC-MS metabolomics to investigate the changes in the gut microbiome and metabolism of the Yarkand toad-headed agama ( Phrynocephalus axillaris ) at different altitudes (−80 m to 2000 m). The results demonstrated that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phylum, Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae were the most abundant family, and the low-altitude populations had higher richness than high-altitude populations; Akkermansiaceae appeared to be enriched in high-altitude populations and the relative abundance tended to increase with altitude. The gut microbiome of three populations of P. axillaris at different altitudes was clustered into two different enterotypes, low-altitude populations and high-altitude populations shared an enterotype dominated by Akkermansia , Kineothrix , Phocaeicola ; intermediate-altitude populations had an enterotype dominated by Mesorhizobium , Bradyrhizobium . Metabolites involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism differed significantly at different altitudes. The above results suggest that gut microbiome plasticity drives the extensive adaptation of P. axillaris to multi-stress caused by different altitudes. With global warming, recognizing the adaptive capacity of wide-ranging species to altitude can help plan future conservation strategies.
The gut microbiome was involved in a variety of physiological processes and played a key role in host environmental adaptation. However, the mechanisms of their response to altitudinal environmental changes remain unclear. In this study, we used 16S rRNA sequencing and LC-MS metabolomics to investigate the changes in the gut microbiome and metabolism of the Yarkand toad-headed agama ( ) at different altitudes (-80 m to 2000 m). The results demonstrated that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phylum, Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae were the most abundant family, and the low-altitude populations had higher richness than high-altitude populations; Akkermansiaceae appeared to be enriched in high-altitude populations and the relative abundance tended to increase with altitude. The gut microbiome of three populations of at different altitudes was clustered into two different enterotypes, low-altitude populations and high-altitude populations shared an enterotype dominated by , , ; intermediate-altitude populations had an enterotype dominated by , . Metabolites involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism differed significantly at different altitudes. The above results suggest that gut microbiome plasticity drives the extensive adaptation of to multi-stress caused by different altitudes. With global warming, recognizing the adaptive capacity of wide-ranging species to altitude can help plan future conservation strategies.
The gut microbiome was involved in a variety of physiological processes and played a key role in host environmental adaptation. However, the mechanisms of their response to altitudinal environmental changes remain unclear. In this study, we used 16S rRNA sequencing and LC-MS metabolomics to investigate the changes in the gut microbiome and metabolism of the Yarkand toad-headed agama (Phrynocephalus axillaris) at different altitudes (-80 m to 2000 m). The results demonstrated that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phylum, Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae were the most abundant family, and the low-altitude populations had higher richness than high-altitude populations; Akkermansiaceae appeared to be enriched in high-altitude populations and the relative abundance tended to increase with altitude. The gut microbiome of three populations of P. axillaris at different altitudes was clustered into two different enterotypes, low-altitude populations and high-altitude populations shared an enterotype dominated by Akkermansia, Kineothrix, Phocaeicola; intermediate-altitude populations had an enterotype dominated by Mesorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium. Metabolites involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism differed significantly at different altitudes. The above results suggest that gut microbiome plasticity drives the extensive adaptation of P. axillaris to multi-stress caused by different altitudes. With global warming, recognizing the adaptive capacity of wide-ranging species to altitude can help plan future conservation strategies.The gut microbiome was involved in a variety of physiological processes and played a key role in host environmental adaptation. However, the mechanisms of their response to altitudinal environmental changes remain unclear. In this study, we used 16S rRNA sequencing and LC-MS metabolomics to investigate the changes in the gut microbiome and metabolism of the Yarkand toad-headed agama (Phrynocephalus axillaris) at different altitudes (-80 m to 2000 m). The results demonstrated that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phylum, Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae were the most abundant family, and the low-altitude populations had higher richness than high-altitude populations; Akkermansiaceae appeared to be enriched in high-altitude populations and the relative abundance tended to increase with altitude. The gut microbiome of three populations of P. axillaris at different altitudes was clustered into two different enterotypes, low-altitude populations and high-altitude populations shared an enterotype dominated by Akkermansia, Kineothrix, Phocaeicola; intermediate-altitude populations had an enterotype dominated by Mesorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium. Metabolites involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism differed significantly at different altitudes. The above results suggest that gut microbiome plasticity drives the extensive adaptation of P. axillaris to multi-stress caused by different altitudes. With global warming, recognizing the adaptive capacity of wide-ranging species to altitude can help plan future conservation strategies.
The gut microbiome was involved in a variety of physiological processes and played a key role in host environmental adaptation. However, the mechanisms of their response to altitudinal environmental changes remain unclear. In this study, we used 16S rRNA sequencing and LC-MS metabolomics to investigate the changes in the gut microbiome and metabolism of the Yarkand toad-headed agama (Phrynocephalus axillaris) at different altitudes (−80 m to 2000 m). The results demonstrated that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phylum, Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae were the most abundant family, and the low-altitude populations had higher richness than high-altitude populations; Akkermansiaceae appeared to be enriched in high-altitude populations and the relative abundance tended to increase with altitude. The gut microbiome of three populations of P. axillaris at different altitudes was clustered into two different enterotypes, low-altitude populations and high-altitude populations shared an enterotype dominated by Akkermansia, Kineothrix, Phocaeicola; intermediate-altitude populations had an enterotype dominated by Mesorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium. Metabolites involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism differed significantly at different altitudes. The above results suggest that gut microbiome plasticity drives the extensive adaptation of P. axillaris to multi-stress caused by different altitudes. With global warming, recognizing the adaptive capacity of wide-ranging species to altitude can help plan future conservation strategies.
Author Shi, Lei
Liang, Qianru
Du, Jianghao
Gao, Weizhen
Zheng, Peng
Leng, Lin
AuthorAffiliation Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Ecological Adaptation and Evolution of Extreme Environment Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University , Ürümqi , China
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  givenname: Weizhen
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Keywords LC-MS metabolomics
16S rRNA
Phrynocephalus axillaris
altitude gradients
plasticity
gut microbiome
Language English
License Copyright © 2025 Du, Zheng, Gao, Liang, Leng and Shi.
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Xiaoliang Hu, Yibin University, China
Reviewed by: Ferhat Matur, Dokuz Eylül University, Türkiye
Yang Wang, Hebei Normal University, China
Edited by: Huan Li, Lanzhou University, China
Efe Sezgin, Izmir Institute of Technology, Türkiye
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Snippet The gut microbiome was involved in a variety of physiological processes and played a key role in host environmental adaptation. However, the mechanisms of...
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SubjectTerms 16S rRNA
altitude gradients
gut microbiome
LC-MS metabolomics
Microbiology
Phrynocephalus axillaris
plasticity
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Title All roads lead to Rome: the plasticity of gut microbiome drives the extensive adaptation of the Yarkand toad-headed agama (Phrynocephalus axillaris) to different altitudes
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39845039
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Volume 15
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