Clinical Evaluation of Blood Pressure Lowering, Endothelial Function Improving, Hypolipidemic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pomegranate Juice in Hypertensive Subjects

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice (PJ) contains different types of antioxidants and bioactive polyphenols and has been reported to promote cardiovascular health through several mechanisms. The present study aimed to examine the effects of 2‐week intake of fresh PJ on blood pressure, flow‐mediat...

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Published inPhytotherapy research Vol. 28; no. 2; pp. 193 - 199
Main Authors Asgary, Sedigheh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Afshani, Mohammad Reza, Keshvari, Mahtab, Haghjooyjavanmard, Shaghayegh, Rafieian-Kopaei, Mahmoud
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.02.2014
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects
adhesion
Adult
Aged
alternative medicine
Anthocyanins - chemistry
Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology
Antioxidants - pharmacology
apolipoproteins
Apolipoproteins A - blood
Apolipoproteins B - blood
atherosclerosis
Beverages
biomarkers
blood lipids
blood pressure
Blood Pressure - drug effects
blood serum
C-reactive protein
C-Reactive Protein - metabolism
clinical examination
Dietary Supplements
dinner
E-Selectin - blood
Female
Fruit - chemistry
Humans
Hypertension - drug therapy
Hypolipidemic Agents - pharmacology
intercellular adhesion molecule-1
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 - metabolism
interleukin-6
Interleukin-6 - metabolism
lipid composition
Lipids - blood
lunch
Male
Middle Aged
phytotherapy
polyphenols
Polyphenols - pharmacology
pomegranate juice
pomegranates
pro-inflammatory cytokines
Punica granatum
Punicaceae - chemistry
Single-Blind Method
Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 - blood
vascular cell adhesion molecules
atherosclerosis
blood pressure
alternative medicine
pro-inflammatory cytokines
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Abstract Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice (PJ) contains different types of antioxidants and bioactive polyphenols and has been reported to promote cardiovascular health through several mechanisms. The present study aimed to examine the effects of 2‐week intake of fresh PJ on blood pressure, flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD), serum lipid profile and concentrations of inflammatory and endothelial function biomarkers. Twenty‐one hypertensive patients (aged 30–67 years) were recruited into the trial and assigned to receive either PJ (150 ml/day in a single occasion between lunch and dinner; n = 11) or the same amount of water (n = 10) for a period of 2 weeks. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressures together with FMD and serum concentrations of lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins A and B, intracellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), vascular endothelial adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM‐1), E‐selectin, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were measured at baseline and at the end of trial. PJ consumption was associated with significant reductions in SBP (p = 0.002) and DBP (p = 0.038) but not FMD (p > 0.05). Serum levels of VCAM‐1 (p = 0.008) were significantly reduced by PJ while those of E‐selectin were elevated (p = 0.039). However, no significant effect was observed from PJ on serum levels of ICAM‐1, hs‐CRP, lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins and IL‐6 in any of the study groups (p > 0.05). Consumption of PJ for 2 weeks has effective hypotensive effects, and may improve endothelial function by decreasing serum concentrations of VCAM‐1. These findings suggest PJ as a beneficial cardioprotective supplement for hypertensive subjects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AbstractList Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice (PJ) contains different types of antioxidants and bioactive polyphenols and has been reported to promote cardiovascular health through several mechanisms. The present study aimed to examine the effects of 2-week intake of fresh PJ on blood pressure, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), serum lipid profile and concentrations of inflammatory and endothelial function biomarkers. Twenty-one hypertensive patients (aged 30-67 years) were recruited into the trial and assigned to receive either PJ (150 ml/day in a single occasion between lunch and dinner; n = 11) or the same amount of water (n = 10) for a period of 2 weeks. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressures together with FMD and serum concentrations of lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins A and B, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular endothelial adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured at baseline and at the end of trial. PJ consumption was associated with significant reductions in SBP (p = 0.002) and DBP (p = 0.038) but not FMD (p > 0.05). Serum levels of VCAM-1 (p = 0.008) were significantly reduced by PJ while those of E-selectin were elevated (p = 0.039). However, no significant effect was observed from PJ on serum levels of ICAM-1, hs-CRP, lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins and IL-6 in any of the study groups (p > 0.05). Consumption of PJ for 2 weeks has effective hypotensive effects, and may improve endothelial function by decreasing serum concentrations of VCAM-1. These findings suggest PJ as a beneficial cardioprotective supplement for hypertensive subjects.Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice (PJ) contains different types of antioxidants and bioactive polyphenols and has been reported to promote cardiovascular health through several mechanisms. The present study aimed to examine the effects of 2-week intake of fresh PJ on blood pressure, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), serum lipid profile and concentrations of inflammatory and endothelial function biomarkers. Twenty-one hypertensive patients (aged 30-67 years) were recruited into the trial and assigned to receive either PJ (150 ml/day in a single occasion between lunch and dinner; n = 11) or the same amount of water (n = 10) for a period of 2 weeks. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressures together with FMD and serum concentrations of lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins A and B, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular endothelial adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured at baseline and at the end of trial. PJ consumption was associated with significant reductions in SBP (p = 0.002) and DBP (p = 0.038) but not FMD (p > 0.05). Serum levels of VCAM-1 (p = 0.008) were significantly reduced by PJ while those of E-selectin were elevated (p = 0.039). However, no significant effect was observed from PJ on serum levels of ICAM-1, hs-CRP, lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins and IL-6 in any of the study groups (p > 0.05). Consumption of PJ for 2 weeks has effective hypotensive effects, and may improve endothelial function by decreasing serum concentrations of VCAM-1. These findings suggest PJ as a beneficial cardioprotective supplement for hypertensive subjects.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice (PJ) contains different types of antioxidants and bioactive polyphenols and has been reported to promote cardiovascular health through several mechanisms. The present study aimed to examine the effects of 2-week intake of fresh PJ on blood pressure, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), serum lipid profile and concentrations of inflammatory and endothelial function biomarkers. Twenty-one hypertensive patients (aged 30-67years) were recruited into the trial and assigned to receive either PJ (150ml/day in a single occasion between lunch and dinner; n=11) or the same amount of water (n=10) for a period of 2weeks. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressures together with FMD and serum concentrations of lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins A and B, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular endothelial adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured at baseline and at the end of trial. PJ consumption was associated with significant reductions in SBP (p=0.002) and DBP (p=0.038) but not FMD (p>0.05). Serum levels of VCAM-1 (p=0.008) were significantly reduced by PJ while those of E-selectin were elevated (p=0.039). However, no significant effect was observed from PJ on serum levels of ICAM-1, hs-CRP, lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins and IL-6 in any of the study groups (p>0.05). Consumption of PJ for 2weeks has effective hypotensive effects, and may improve endothelial function by decreasing serum concentrations of VCAM-1. These findings suggest PJ as a beneficial cardioprotective supplement for hypertensive subjects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice (PJ) contains different types of antioxidants and bioactive polyphenols and has been reported to promote cardiovascular health through several mechanisms. The present study aimed to examine the effects of 2‐week intake of fresh PJ on blood pressure, flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD), serum lipid profile and concentrations of inflammatory and endothelial function biomarkers. Twenty‐one hypertensive patients (aged 30–67 years) were recruited into the trial and assigned to receive either PJ (150 ml/day in a single occasion between lunch and dinner; n = 11) or the same amount of water (n = 10) for a period of 2 weeks. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressures together with FMD and serum concentrations of lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins A and B, intracellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), vascular endothelial adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM‐1), E‐selectin, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were measured at baseline and at the end of trial. PJ consumption was associated with significant reductions in SBP (p = 0.002) and DBP (p = 0.038) but not FMD (p > 0.05). Serum levels of VCAM‐1 (p = 0.008) were significantly reduced by PJ while those of E‐selectin were elevated (p = 0.039). However, no significant effect was observed from PJ on serum levels of ICAM‐1, hs‐CRP, lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins and IL‐6 in any of the study groups (p > 0.05). Consumption of PJ for 2 weeks has effective hypotensive effects, and may improve endothelial function by decreasing serum concentrations of VCAM‐1. These findings suggest PJ as a beneficial cardioprotective supplement for hypertensive subjects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) juice (PJ) contains different types of antioxidants and bioactive polyphenols and has been reported to promote cardiovascular health through several mechanisms. The present study aimed to examine the effects of 2‐week intake of fresh PJ on blood pressure, flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD), serum lipid profile and concentrations of inflammatory and endothelial function biomarkers. Twenty‐one hypertensive patients (aged 30–67 years) were recruited into the trial and assigned to receive either PJ (150 ml/day in a single occasion between lunch and dinner; n  = 11) or the same amount of water ( n  = 10) for a period of 2 weeks. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressures together with FMD and serum concentrations of lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins A and B, intracellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), vascular endothelial adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM‐1), E‐selectin, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were measured at baseline and at the end of trial. PJ consumption was associated with significant reductions in SBP ( p  = 0.002) and DBP ( p  = 0.038) but not FMD ( p  > 0.05). Serum levels of VCAM‐1 ( p  = 0.008) were significantly reduced by PJ while those of E‐selectin were elevated ( p  = 0.039). However, no significant effect was observed from PJ on serum levels of ICAM‐1, hs‐CRP, lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins and IL‐6 in any of the study groups ( p  > 0.05). Consumption of PJ for 2 weeks has effective hypotensive effects, and may improve endothelial function by decreasing serum concentrations of VCAM‐1. These findings suggest PJ as a beneficial cardioprotective supplement for hypertensive subjects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice (PJ) contains different types of antioxidants and bioactive polyphenols and has been reported to promote cardiovascular health through several mechanisms. The present study aimed to examine the effects of 2-week intake of fresh PJ on blood pressure, flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), serum lipid profile and concentrations of inflammatory and endothelial function biomarkers. Twenty-one hypertensive patients (aged 30-67 years) were recruited into the trial and assigned to receive either PJ (150 ml/day in a single occasion between lunch and dinner; n = 11) or the same amount of water (n = 10) for a period of 2 weeks. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressures together with FMD and serum concentrations of lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins A and B, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular endothelial adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured at baseline and at the end of trial. PJ consumption was associated with significant reductions in SBP (p = 0.002) and DBP (p = 0.038) but not FMD (p > 0.05). Serum levels of VCAM-1 (p = 0.008) were significantly reduced by PJ while those of E-selectin were elevated (p = 0.039). However, no significant effect was observed from PJ on serum levels of ICAM-1, hs-CRP, lipid profile parameters, apolipoproteins and IL-6 in any of the study groups (p > 0.05). Consumption of PJ for 2 weeks has effective hypotensive effects, and may improve endothelial function by decreasing serum concentrations of VCAM-1. These findings suggest PJ as a beneficial cardioprotective supplement for hypertensive subjects.
Author Asgary, Sedigheh
Rafieian-Kopaei, Mahmoud
Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Afshani, Mohammad Reza
Haghjooyjavanmard, Shaghayegh
Keshvari, Mahtab
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Sedigheh
  surname: Asgary
  fullname: Asgary, Sedigheh
  email: Correspondence to: Sedigheh Asgary, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran., sasgary@yahoo.com
  organization: Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Amirhossein
  surname: Sahebkar
  fullname: Sahebkar, Amirhossein
  organization: Biotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Mohammad Reza
  surname: Afshani
  fullname: Afshani, Mohammad Reza
  organization: Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Mahtab
  surname: Keshvari
  fullname: Keshvari, Mahtab
  organization: Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Shaghayegh
  surname: Haghjooyjavanmard
  fullname: Haghjooyjavanmard, Shaghayegh
  organization: Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Mahmoud
  surname: Rafieian-Kopaei
  fullname: Rafieian-Kopaei, Mahmoud
  organization: Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23519910$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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pro-inflammatory cytokines
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Dohadwala MM, Holbrook M, Hamburg NM, et al. 2011. Effects of cranberry juice consumption on vascular function in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 93: 934-940.
Keogh JB, Grieger JA, Noakes M, Clifton PM. 2005. Flow-mediated dilation is impaired by a high-saturated fat diet but not by a high-carbohydrate diet. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25: 1274-1279.
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Huang M, Xie Y, Chen L, et al. 2012. Antidiabetic effect of the total polyphenolic acids fraction from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge in diabetic rats. Phytother Res 26: 944-948.
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Gil MI, Tomas-Barberan FA, Hess Pierce, et al. 2000. Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. J Agric Food Chem 48: 4581-4589.
Mohammadi A, Sahebkar A, Iranshahi M, et al. 2012. Effects of Supplementation with Curcuminoids on Dyslipidemia in Obese Patients: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Phytother Res. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4715.
Hamdy O, Ledbury S, Mullooly C, et al. 2003. Lifestyle modification improves endothelial function in obese subjects with the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Care 26: 2119-2125.
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George TW, Niwat C, Waroonphan S, Gordon MH, Lovegrove JA. 2009. Effects of chronic and acute consumption of fruit- and vegetable-puree-based drinks on vasodilation, risk factors for CVD and the response as a result of the eNOS G298T polymorphism. Proc Nutr Soc 68: 148-161.
Ikemura M, Sasaki Y, Giddings JC, Yamamoto J. 2012. Preventive Effects of Hesperidin, Glucosyl Hesperidin and Naringin on Hypertension and Cerebral Thrombosis in Stroke-prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Phytother Res 26: 1272-1277.
Wu G, Meininger CJ. 2002. Regulation of nitric oxide synthesis by dietary factors. Annu Rev Nutr 22: 61-86.
Gokce N, Keaney JF, Hunter LM, Watkins MT, Menzoian JO, Vita JA. 2002. Risk stratification for postoperative cardiovascular events via non-invasive assessment of endothelial function. Circulation 105: 1567-1572.
Gonzalez MA, Selwyn AP. 2003. Endothelial function, inflammation, and prognosis in cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 115: S99-106.
Liu S, Manson JE, Lee IM, et al. 2000. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: The women's health study. Am J Clin Nutr 72: 922-928.
2009; 89
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2003; 170
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2007; 11
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References_xml – reference: Castilla P, Davalos A, Teruel JL, et al. 2008. Comparative effects of dietary supplementation with red grape juice and vitamin E on production of superoxide by circulating neutrophil NADP oxidase in hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 87: 1053-1061.
– reference: Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV. 1980. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 288: 373-376.
– reference: Panahi Y, Sahebkar A, Parvin S, Saadat A. 2012b. A randomized controlled trial on the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in patients with chronic sulphur mustard-induced cutaneous complications. Ann Clin Biochem; doi: 10.1258/acb.2012.012040
– reference: Gil MI, Tomas-Barberan FA, Hess Pierce, et al. 2000. Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. J Agric Food Chem 48: 4581-4589.
– reference: Weissberg P. 1999. Mechanisms modifying atherosclerotic disease - from lipids to vascular biology. Atherosclerosis 147: S3-10.
– reference: Lee SI, Kim BS, Kim KS, Lee S, Shin KS, Lim JS. 2008. Immune-suppressive activity of punicalagin via inhibition of NFAT activation. Biochem Biophy Res Commun 371: 799-803.
– reference: Galkina E, Ley K. 2007. Vascular adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27: 2292-2301.
– reference: Shin HC, Kim SH, Park Y, Lee BH, Hwang HJ. 2012. Effects of 12-week oral supplementation of Ecklonia cava polyphenols on anthropometric and blood lipid parameters in overweight Korean individuals: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Phytother Res 26: 363-368.
– reference: George TW, Niwat C, Waroonphan S, Gordon MH, Lovegrove JA. 2009. Effects of chronic and acute consumption of fruit- and vegetable-puree-based drinks on vasodilation, risk factors for CVD and the response as a result of the eNOS G298T polymorphism. Proc Nutr Soc 68: 148-161.
– reference: Romier B, Van De Walle J, During A, Larondelle Y, Schneider YJ. 2008. Modulation of signalling nuclear factor-kappaB activation pathway by polyphenols in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Br J Nutr 100: 542-551.
– reference: Fuhrman B, Aviram M. 2007. Pomegranate and cardiovascular diseases: Pomegranate juice polyphenolic antioxidants protect against oxidative stress and atherosclerosis development. Acta Hort 744: 205-216.
– reference: Dohadwala MM, Holbrook M, Hamburg NM, et al. 2011. Effects of cranberry juice consumption on vascular function in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 93: 934-940.
– reference: Stowe CB. 2011. The effects of pomegranate juice consumption on blood pressure and cardiovascular health. Complement Ther Clin Pract 17: 113-115.
– reference: Cai H, Harrison DG. 2000. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stress. Circ Res 87: 840-844.
– reference: Hodgson JM, Croft KD. 2010. Tea flavonoids and cardiovascular health. Mol Aspects Med 31: 495-502.
– reference: de Nigris F, Balestrieri ML, Williams-Ignarro S, et al. 2007. The influence of Pomegranate fruit extract in comparison to regular pomegranate juice and seed oil on nitric oxide and arterial function in obese Zucker rats. Nitric Oxide 17: 50-54.
– reference: Hamdy O, Ledbury S, Mullooly C, et al. 2003. Lifestyle modification improves endothelial function in obese subjects with the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Care 26: 2119-2125.
– reference: Aviram M, Dornfeld L. 2001. Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure. Atherosclerosis 158: 195-198.
– reference: Gokce N, Keaney JF, Hunter LM, Watkins MT, Menzoian JO, Vita JA. 2002. Risk stratification for postoperative cardiovascular events via non-invasive assessment of endothelial function. Circulation 105: 1567-1572.
– reference: Libby P. 2006. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 83: S456-460.
– reference: Ballantyne CM, Abe Y. 1997. Molecular markers for atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Risk 4: 353-356.
– reference: Rossi R, Nuzzo A, Origliani G, Modena MG. 2008. Prognostic role of flow-mediated and cardiac risk factors in post-menopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol 51: 997-1002.
– reference: Wu G, Meininger CJ. 2002. Regulation of nitric oxide synthesis by dietary factors. Annu Rev Nutr 22: 61-86.
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Snippet Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice (PJ) contains different types of antioxidants and bioactive polyphenols and has been reported to promote cardiovascular...
Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) juice (PJ) contains different types of antioxidants and bioactive polyphenols and has been reported to promote cardiovascular...
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SubjectTerms adhesion
Adult
Aged
alternative medicine
Anthocyanins - chemistry
Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology
Antioxidants - pharmacology
apolipoproteins
Apolipoproteins A - blood
Apolipoproteins B - blood
atherosclerosis
Beverages
biomarkers
blood lipids
blood pressure
Blood Pressure - drug effects
blood serum
C-reactive protein
C-Reactive Protein - metabolism
clinical examination
Dietary Supplements
dinner
E-Selectin - blood
Female
Fruit - chemistry
Humans
Hypertension - drug therapy
Hypolipidemic Agents - pharmacology
intercellular adhesion molecule-1
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 - metabolism
interleukin-6
Interleukin-6 - metabolism
lipid composition
Lipids - blood
lunch
Male
Middle Aged
phytotherapy
polyphenols
Polyphenols - pharmacology
pomegranate juice
pomegranates
pro-inflammatory cytokines
Punica granatum
Punicaceae - chemistry
Single-Blind Method
Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 - blood
vascular cell adhesion molecules
Title Clinical Evaluation of Blood Pressure Lowering, Endothelial Function Improving, Hypolipidemic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pomegranate Juice in Hypertensive Subjects
URI https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-0TPPMCRB-5/fulltext.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fptr.4977
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23519910
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1494092028
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1499124691
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2561534614
Volume 28
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