Effect of Intravenously Administered Crystalloid Solutions on Acid‐Base Balance in Domestic Animals

Intravenous fluid therapy can alter plasma acid‐base balance. The Stewart approach to acid‐base balance is uniquely suited to identify and quantify the effects of the cationic and anionic constituents of crystalloid solutions on plasma pH. The plasma strong ion difference (SID) and weak acid concent...

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Published inJournal of veterinary internal medicine Vol. 31; no. 5; pp. 1371 - 1381
Main Author Muir, W.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States John Wiley and Sons Inc 01.09.2017
Subjects
Acid-Base Equilibrium - drug effects
Acidosis - veterinary
Acid‐base balance
Animals
Base replacement
Crystalloid Solutions
Fluid therapy
Fluid Therapy - veterinary
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Infusions, Intravenous - veterinary
Isotonic Solutions - administration & dosage
Isotonic Solutions - pharmacology
Metabolic acidosis
Physiology
Review
Small Animal
Fluid therapy
Physiology
Acid-base balance
Base replacement
Metabolic acidosis
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Abstract Intravenous fluid therapy can alter plasma acid‐base balance. The Stewart approach to acid‐base balance is uniquely suited to identify and quantify the effects of the cationic and anionic constituents of crystalloid solutions on plasma pH. The plasma strong ion difference (SID) and weak acid concentrations are similar to those of the administered fluid, more so at higher administration rates and with larger volumes. A crystalloid's in vivo effects on plasma pH are described by 3 general rules: SID > [HCO3−] increases plasma pH (alkalosis); SID < [HCO3−] decreases plasma pH (alkalosis); and SID = [HCO3−] yields no change in plasma pH. The in vitro pH of commercially prepared crystalloid solutions has little to no effect on plasma pH because of their low titratable acidity. Appreciation of IV fluid composition and an understanding of basic physicochemical principles provide therapeutically valuable insights about how and why fluid therapy can produce and correct alterations of plasma acid‐base equilibrium. The ideal balanced crystalloid should (1) contain species‐specific concentrations of key electrolytes (Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca++, Mg++), particularly Na+ and Cl−; (2) maintain or normalize acid‐base balance (provide an appropriate SID); and (3) be isosmotic and isotonic (not induce inappropriate fluid shifts) with normal plasma.
AbstractList Intravenous fluid therapy can alter plasma acid‐base balance. The Stewart approach to acid‐base balance is uniquely suited to identify and quantify the effects of the cationic and anionic constituents of crystalloid solutions on plasma pH . The plasma strong ion difference ( SID ) and weak acid concentrations are similar to those of the administered fluid, more so at higher administration rates and with larger volumes. A crystalloid's in vivo effects on plasma pH are described by 3 general rules: SID > [ ] increases plasma pH (alkalosis); SID < [ ] decreases plasma pH (alkalosis); and SID = [ ] yields no change in plasma pH . The in vitro pH of commercially prepared crystalloid solutions has little to no effect on plasma pH because of their low titratable acidity. Appreciation of IV fluid composition and an understanding of basic physicochemical principles provide therapeutically valuable insights about how and why fluid therapy can produce and correct alterations of plasma acid‐base equilibrium. The ideal balanced crystalloid should (1) contain species‐specific concentrations of key electrolytes (Na + , Cl − , K + , Ca ++ , Mg ++ ), particularly Na + and Cl − ; (2) maintain or normalize acid‐base balance (provide an appropriate SID ); and (3) be isosmotic and isotonic (not induce inappropriate fluid shifts) with normal plasma.
Intravenous fluid therapy can alter plasma acid‐base balance. The Stewart approach to acid‐base balance is uniquely suited to identify and quantify the effects of the cationic and anionic constituents of crystalloid solutions on plasma pH. The plasma strong ion difference (SID) and weak acid concentrations are similar to those of the administered fluid, more so at higher administration rates and with larger volumes. A crystalloid's in vivo effects on plasma pH are described by 3 general rules: SID > [HCO3−] increases plasma pH (alkalosis); SID < [HCO3−] decreases plasma pH (alkalosis); and SID = [HCO3−] yields no change in plasma pH. The in vitro pH of commercially prepared crystalloid solutions has little to no effect on plasma pH because of their low titratable acidity. Appreciation of IV fluid composition and an understanding of basic physicochemical principles provide therapeutically valuable insights about how and why fluid therapy can produce and correct alterations of plasma acid‐base equilibrium. The ideal balanced crystalloid should (1) contain species‐specific concentrations of key electrolytes (Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca++, Mg++), particularly Na+ and Cl−; (2) maintain or normalize acid‐base balance (provide an appropriate SID); and (3) be isosmotic and isotonic (not induce inappropriate fluid shifts) with normal plasma.
Intravenous fluid therapy can alter plasma acid‐base balance. The Stewart approach to acid‐base balance is uniquely suited to identify and quantify the effects of the cationic and anionic constituents of crystalloid solutions on plasma pH . The plasma strong ion difference ( SID ) and weak acid concentrations are similar to those of the administered fluid, more so at higher administration rates and with larger volumes. A crystalloid's in vivo effects on plasma pH are described by 3 general rules: SID > [ HCO 3 − ] increases plasma pH (alkalosis); SID < [ HCO 3 − ] decreases plasma pH (alkalosis); and SID = [ HCO 3 − ] yields no change in plasma pH . The in vitro pH of commercially prepared crystalloid solutions has little to no effect on plasma pH because of their low titratable acidity. Appreciation of IV fluid composition and an understanding of basic physicochemical principles provide therapeutically valuable insights about how and why fluid therapy can produce and correct alterations of plasma acid‐base equilibrium. The ideal balanced crystalloid should (1) contain species‐specific concentrations of key electrolytes (Na + , Cl − , K + , Ca ++ , Mg ++ ), particularly Na + and Cl − ; (2) maintain or normalize acid‐base balance (provide an appropriate SID ); and (3) be isosmotic and isotonic (not induce inappropriate fluid shifts) with normal plasma.
Intravenous fluid therapy can alter plasma acid-base balance. The Stewart approach to acid-base balance is uniquely suited to identify and quantify the effects of the cationic and anionic constituents of crystalloid solutions on plasma pH. The plasma strong ion difference (SID) and weak acid concentrations are similar to those of the administered fluid, more so at higher administration rates and with larger volumes. A crystalloid's in vivo effects on plasma pH are described by 3 general rules: SID > [HCO3-] increases plasma pH (alkalosis); SID < [HCO3-] decreases plasma pH (alkalosis); and SID = [HCO3-] yields no change in plasma pH. The in vitro pH of commercially prepared crystalloid solutions has little to no effect on plasma pH because of their low titratable acidity. Appreciation of IV fluid composition and an understanding of basic physicochemical principles provide therapeutically valuable insights about how and why fluid therapy can produce and correct alterations of plasma acid-base equilibrium. The ideal balanced crystalloid should (1) contain species-specific concentrations of key electrolytes (Na+ , Cl- , K+ , Ca++ , Mg++ ), particularly Na+ and Cl- ; (2) maintain or normalize acid-base balance (provide an appropriate SID); and (3) be isosmotic and isotonic (not induce inappropriate fluid shifts) with normal plasma.
Intravenous fluid therapy can alter plasma acid-base balance. The Stewart approach to acid-base balance is uniquely suited to identify and quantify the effects of the cationic and anionic constituents of crystalloid solutions on plasma pH. The plasma strong ion difference (SID) and weak acid concentrations are similar to those of the administered fluid, more so at higher administration rates and with larger volumes. A crystalloid's in vivo effects on plasma pH are described by 3 general rules: SID > [HCO3-] increases plasma pH (alkalosis); SID < [HCO3-] decreases plasma pH (alkalosis); and SID = [HCO3-] yields no change in plasma pH. The in vitro pH of commercially prepared crystalloid solutions has little to no effect on plasma pH because of their low titratable acidity. Appreciation of IV fluid composition and an understanding of basic physicochemical principles provide therapeutically valuable insights about how and why fluid therapy can produce and correct alterations of plasma acid-base equilibrium. The ideal balanced crystalloid should (1) contain species-specific concentrations of key electrolytes (Na , Cl , K , Ca , Mg ), particularly Na and Cl ; (2) maintain or normalize acid-base balance (provide an appropriate SID); and (3) be isosmotic and isotonic (not induce inappropriate fluid shifts) with normal plasma.
Author Muir, W.
AuthorAffiliation 1 College of Veterinary Medicine Lincoln Memorial University Harrogate TN
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 College of Veterinary Medicine Lincoln Memorial University Harrogate TN
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  email: monos369@gmail.com
  organization: Lincoln Memorial University
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28833697$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 5
Keywords Fluid therapy
Physiology
Acid-base balance
Base replacement
Metabolic acidosis
Language English
License Attribution-NonCommercial
Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
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Snippet Intravenous fluid therapy can alter plasma acid‐base balance. The Stewart approach to acid‐base balance is uniquely suited to identify and quantify the effects...
Intravenous fluid therapy can alter plasma acid-base balance. The Stewart approach to acid-base balance is uniquely suited to identify and quantify the effects...
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SubjectTerms Acid-Base Equilibrium - drug effects
Acidosis - veterinary
Acid‐base balance
Animals
Base replacement
Crystalloid Solutions
Fluid therapy
Fluid Therapy - veterinary
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Infusions, Intravenous - veterinary
Isotonic Solutions - administration & dosage
Isotonic Solutions - pharmacology
Metabolic acidosis
Physiology
Review
Small Animal
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Title Effect of Intravenously Administered Crystalloid Solutions on Acid‐Base Balance in Domestic Animals
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Volume 31
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