Reproductive factors and cardiometabolic disease among middle-aged and older women: a nationwide study from CHARLS
Cardiometabolic disease is skyrocketing to epidemic proportions due to the high prevalence of its components and the aging of the worldwide population. More efforts are needed to improve cardiometabolic health. The aim of this nationally representative study based on the China Health and Retirement...
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Published in | Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine Vol. 11; p. 1345186 |
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Abstract | Cardiometabolic disease is skyrocketing to epidemic proportions due to the high prevalence of its components and the aging of the worldwide population. More efforts are needed to improve cardiometabolic health. The aim of this nationally representative study based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2014-2018) was to examine the association between reproductive factors and cardiometabolic disease among Chinese women aged ≥45 years.
The CHARLS is an ongoing longitudinal study initiated in 2011, and the latest follow-up was completed in 2018. In total, 6,407 participants were analyzed. Effect-sizes are expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Confounding was considered from statistical adjustment, subsidiary exploration, and unmeasured confounding assessment aspects.
Of 6,407 accessible participants, 60.9% were recorded as having one or more of five predefined cardiovascular or metabolic disorders. Compared to those with two children, participants who had 0-1 child were found to have a lower risk of cardiometabolic disease (OR = 0.844, 95% CI: 0.714-0.998), and those who had ≥3 children had a greater risk (OR = 1.181, 95% CI: 1.027-1.357). Age at menarche of 16-18 years was a protective factor compared with ≤16 years of age (OR = 0.858, 95% CI: 0.749-0.982). In contrast, participants with a history of abortion were 1.212 times more likely to have cardiometabolic disorders (OR = 1.212, 95% CI: 1.006-1.465). The likelihood for the presence of unmeasured confounding was low, as reflected by E-values.
Our findings demonstrate that number of children, age at menarche, and history of abortion were associated with a significant risk of cardiometabolic disease among Chinese women aged ≥45 years. |
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AbstractList | BackgroundCardiometabolic disease is skyrocketing to epidemic proportions due to the high prevalence of its components and the aging of the worldwide population. More efforts are needed to improve cardiometabolic health. The aim of this nationally representative study based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2014–2018) was to examine the association between reproductive factors and cardiometabolic disease among Chinese women aged ≥45 years.MethodsThe CHARLS is an ongoing longitudinal study initiated in 2011, and the latest follow-up was completed in 2018. In total, 6,407 participants were analyzed. Effect-sizes are expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Confounding was considered from statistical adjustment, subsidiary exploration, and unmeasured confounding assessment aspects.ResultsOf 6,407 accessible participants, 60.9% were recorded as having one or more of five predefined cardiovascular or metabolic disorders. Compared to those with two children, participants who had 0–1 child were found to have a lower risk of cardiometabolic disease (OR = 0.844, 95% CI: 0.714–0.998), and those who had ≥3 children had a greater risk (OR = 1.181, 95% CI: 1.027–1.357). Age at menarche of 16–18 years was a protective factor compared with ≤16 years of age (OR = 0.858, 95% CI: 0.749–0.982). In contrast, participants with a history of abortion were 1.212 times more likely to have cardiometabolic disorders (OR = 1.212, 95% CI: 1.006–1.465). The likelihood for the presence of unmeasured confounding was low, as reflected by E-values.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that number of children, age at menarche, and history of abortion were associated with a significant risk of cardiometabolic disease among Chinese women aged ≥45 years. Cardiometabolic disease is skyrocketing to epidemic proportions due to the high prevalence of its components and the aging of the worldwide population. More efforts are needed to improve cardiometabolic health. The aim of this nationally representative study based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2014-2018) was to examine the association between reproductive factors and cardiometabolic disease among Chinese women aged ≥45 years. The CHARLS is an ongoing longitudinal study initiated in 2011, and the latest follow-up was completed in 2018. In total, 6,407 participants were analyzed. Effect-sizes are expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Confounding was considered from statistical adjustment, subsidiary exploration, and unmeasured confounding assessment aspects. Of 6,407 accessible participants, 60.9% were recorded as having one or more of five predefined cardiovascular or metabolic disorders. Compared to those with two children, participants who had 0-1 child were found to have a lower risk of cardiometabolic disease (OR = 0.844, 95% CI: 0.714-0.998), and those who had ≥3 children had a greater risk (OR = 1.181, 95% CI: 1.027-1.357). Age at menarche of 16-18 years was a protective factor compared with ≤16 years of age (OR = 0.858, 95% CI: 0.749-0.982). In contrast, participants with a history of abortion were 1.212 times more likely to have cardiometabolic disorders (OR = 1.212, 95% CI: 1.006-1.465). The likelihood for the presence of unmeasured confounding was low, as reflected by E-values. Our findings demonstrate that number of children, age at menarche, and history of abortion were associated with a significant risk of cardiometabolic disease among Chinese women aged ≥45 years. Background Cardiometabolic disease is skyrocketing to epidemic proportions due to the high prevalence of its components and the aging of the worldwide population. More efforts are needed to improve cardiometabolic health. The aim of this nationally representative study based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2014–2018) was to examine the association between reproductive factors and cardiometabolic disease among Chinese women aged ≥45 years. Methods The CHARLS is an ongoing longitudinal study initiated in 2011, and the latest follow-up was completed in 2018. In total, 6,407 participants were analyzed. Effect-sizes are expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Confounding was considered from statistical adjustment, subsidiary exploration, and unmeasured confounding assessment aspects. Results Of 6,407 accessible participants, 60.9% were recorded as having one or more of five predefined cardiovascular or metabolic disorders. Compared to those with two children, participants who had 0–1 child were found to have a lower risk of cardiometabolic disease (OR = 0.844, 95% CI: 0.714–0.998), and those who had ≥3 children had a greater risk (OR = 1.181, 95% CI: 1.027–1.357). Age at menarche of 16–18 years was a protective factor compared with ≤16 years of age (OR = 0.858, 95% CI: 0.749–0.982). In contrast, participants with a history of abortion were 1.212 times more likely to have cardiometabolic disorders (OR = 1.212, 95% CI: 1.006–1.465). The likelihood for the presence of unmeasured confounding was low, as reflected by E-values. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that number of children, age at menarche, and history of abortion were associated with a significant risk of cardiometabolic disease among Chinese women aged ≥45 years. |
Author | Wu, Jing Wang, Qiong Niu, Wenquan Pang, Bo Li, Chunyan |
AuthorAffiliation | 2 Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing , China 3 Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Capital Institute of Pediatrics , Beijing , China 1 Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China 4 Department of Cardiology, Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing , China |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , China – name: 3 Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Capital Institute of Pediatrics , Beijing , China – name: 4 Department of Cardiology, Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing , China – name: 2 Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing , China |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Qiong surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Qiong organization: Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Bo surname: Pang fullname: Pang, Bo organization: Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Jing surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Jing organization: Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Chunyan surname: Li fullname: Li, Chunyan organization: Department of Cardiology, Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Wenquan surname: Niu fullname: Niu, Wenquan organization: Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China |
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Cites_doi | 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01324.x 10.1136/jech-2017-209809 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1090549 10.1016/0028-2243(90)90135-N 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.026 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.016 10.3389/fpubh.2021.700024 10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.10.005 10.1186/s12905-021-01519-7 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312289 10.1186/1477-7827-8-115 10.1038/srep13411 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.065 10.1038/srep33831 10.1371/journal.pone.0255528 10.1001/jama.2018.21554 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.547554 10.1136/bmj.298.6680.1049 10.7326/M16-2607 10.1093/ehjopen/oeac065 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2 10.26599/1671-5411.2023.06.001 10.1161/JAHA.121.024461 10.1111/jch.14369 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100068 10.1177/2047487318818265 10.1016/j.contraception.2015.08.002 10.1093/ije/dys203 10.1136/bmj.326.7394.845 10.1038/srep16834 10.1111/1471-0528.16524 10.2337/dc07-s224 10.1186/s12884-020-03499-2 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20220402-00253 10.1210/jc.2012-2919 10.1186/s12877-022-03154-9 |
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Keywords | cardiometabolic disease computer-assisted personal interviewing reproductive factors CHARLS coronary heart disease risk factor China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study |
Language | English |
License | 2024 Wang, Pang, Wu, Li and Niu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
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Snippet | Cardiometabolic disease is skyrocketing to epidemic proportions due to the high prevalence of its components and the aging of the worldwide population. More... Background Cardiometabolic disease is skyrocketing to epidemic proportions due to the high prevalence of its components and the aging of the worldwide... BackgroundCardiometabolic disease is skyrocketing to epidemic proportions due to the high prevalence of its components and the aging of the worldwide... |
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Title | Reproductive factors and cardiometabolic disease among middle-aged and older women: a nationwide study from CHARLS |
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