The Benefits of Intensive Versus Standard Blood Pressure Treatment According to Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution Exposure: A Post Hoc Analysis of SPRINT
Fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) air pollution is implicated in global mortality, especially from cardiovascular causes. A large body of evidence suggests a link between PM2.5 and elevation in blood pressure (BP), with the latter implicated as a potential mediator of cardiovascular events....
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| Published in | Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. 1979) Vol. 77; no. 3; pp. 813 - 822 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
03.03.2021
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) air pollution is implicated in global mortality, especially from cardiovascular causes. A large body of evidence suggests a link between PM2.5 and elevation in blood pressure (BP), with the latter implicated as a potential mediator of cardiovascular events. We sought to determine if the outcomes of intensive BP lowering (systolic BP <120 mm Hg) on cardiovascular events are modified by PM2.5 exposure in the SPRINT (Systolic BP Intervention Trial). We linked annual PM2.5 exposure estimates derived from an integrated model to subjects participating in SPRINT. We evaluated the effect of intensive BP lowering by PM2.5 exposure on the primary outcome in SPRINT using cox-proportional hazard models. A total of 9286 participants were linked to PM2.5 levels (mean age 68±9 years). Intensive BP-lowering decreased risk of the primary outcome more among patients exposed to higher PM2.5 (Pinteraction=0.047). The estimate for lowering of primary outcome was numerically lower in the highest than in the lower quintiles. The benefits of intensive BP-lowering were larger among patients chronically exposed to PM2.5 levels above US National Ambient Air Quality Standards of 12 µg/m3 (hazard ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.29–0.74]) compared with those living in cleaner locations (hazard ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.68–0.97]), Pinteraction=0.037. This exploratory nonprespecified post hoc analysis of SPRINT suggests that the benefits of intensive BP lowering on the primary outcome was greater in patients exposed to higher PM2.5, suggesting that the magnitude of benefit may depend upon the magnitude of antecedent PM2.5 exposure. |
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| AbstractList | Fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) air pollution is implicated in global mortality, especially from cardiovascular causes. A large body of evidence suggests a link between PM2.5 and elevation in blood pressure (BP), with the latter implicated as a potential mediator of cardiovascular events. We sought to determine if the outcomes of intensive BP lowering (systolic BP <120 mm Hg) on cardiovascular events are modified by PM2.5 exposure in the SPRINT (Systolic BP Intervention Trial). We linked annual PM2.5 exposure estimates derived from an integrated model to subjects participating in SPRINT. We evaluated the effect of intensive BP lowering by PM2.5 exposure on the primary outcome in SPRINT using cox-proportional hazard models. A total of 9286 participants were linked to PM2.5 levels (mean age 68±9 years). Intensive BP-lowering decreased risk of the primary outcome more among patients exposed to higher PM2.5 (Pinteraction=0.047). The estimate for lowering of primary outcome was numerically lower in the highest than in the lower quintiles. The benefits of intensive BP-lowering were larger among patients chronically exposed to PM2.5 levels above US National Ambient Air Quality Standards of 12 µg/m3 (hazard ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.29–0.74]) compared with those living in cleaner locations (hazard ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.68–0.97]), Pinteraction=0.037. This exploratory nonprespecified post hoc analysis of SPRINT suggests that the benefits of intensive BP lowering on the primary outcome was greater in patients exposed to higher PM2.5, suggesting that the magnitude of benefit may depend upon the magnitude of antecedent PM2.5 exposure. Fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) air pollution is implicated in global mortality, especially from cardiovascular causes. A large body of evidence suggests a link between PM 2.5 and elevation in blood pressure (BP), with the latter implicated as a potential mediator of cardiovascular events. We sought to determine if the outcomes of intensive BP lowering (systolic BP <120 mm Hg) on cardiovascular events are modified by PM 2.5 exposure in the SPRINT (Systolic BP Intervention Trial). We linked annual PM 2.5 exposure estimates derived from an integrated model to subjects participating in SPRINT. We evaluated the effect of intensive BP lowering by PM 2.5 exposure on the primary outcome in SPRINT using cox-proportional hazard models. A total of 9286 participants were linked to PM 2.5 levels (mean age 68±9 years). Intensive BP-lowering decreased risk of the primary outcome more among patients exposed to higher PM 2.5 ( P interaction =0.047). The estimate for lowering of primary outcome was numerically lower in the highest than in the lower quintiles. The benefits of intensive BP-lowering were larger among patients chronically exposed to PM 2.5 levels above US National Ambient Air Quality Standards of 12 µg/m 3 (hazard ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.29–0.74]) compared with those living in cleaner locations (hazard ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.68–0.97]), P interaction =0.037. This exploratory nonprespecified post hoc analysis of SPRINT suggests that the benefits of intensive BP lowering on the primary outcome was greater in patients exposed to higher PM 2.5 , suggesting that the magnitude of benefit may depend upon the magnitude of antecedent PM 2.5 exposure. Fine particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) air pollution is implicated in global mortality, especially from cardiovascular causes. A large body of evidence suggests a link between PM 2.5 and elevation in blood pressure (BP), with the latter implicated as a potential mediator of cardiovascular events. We sought to determine if the outcomes of intensive BP lowering (systolic BP < 120 mm Hg) on cardiovascular events are modified by PM 2.5 exposure in in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT). We linked annual PM 2.5 exposure estimates derived from an integrated model to subjects participating in SPRINT. We evaluated the effect of intensive BP-lowering by PM 2.5 exposure on the primary outcome in SPRINT using cox-proportional hazard models. A total of 9286 participants were linked to PM 2.5 levels (mean age 68±9 years). Intensive BP-lowering decreased risk of the primary outcome more among patients exposed to higher PM 2.5 (P interaction =0.047). The estimate for lowering of primary outcome was numerically lower in highest than in the lower quintiles. The benefits of intensive BP-lowering were larger among patients chronically exposed to PM 2.5 levels above U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards of 12 μg/m 3 (HR 0.47, 95% CI: 0.29–0.74) compared to those living in cleaner locations (HR 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68–0.97), P interaction =0.037. This exploratory non-prespecified post-hoc analysis of SPRINT suggests that the benefits of intensive BP lowering on the primary outcome was greater in patients exposed to higher PM 2.5 , suggesting that the magnitude of benefit may depend upon the magnitude of antecedent PM 2.5 exposure. Air pollution has been implicated in cardiovascular risk, partly through effects on blood pressure. We sought to determine if intensive blood pressure lowering (systolic blood pressure < 120 mm Hg) on cardiovascular events is modified by air pollution exposure in the SPRINT trial. SPRINT participants (n=9,286) were linked with annual PM 2.5 exposure. We showed that intensive BP-lowering decreased risk of the composite cardiovascular outcome in higher PM 2.5 more than cleaner areas (P interaction =0.047). Thus, this analysis of SPRINT suggests that the magnitude of cardiovascular benefit of intensive blood pressure lowering may depend upon the magnitude of antecedent PM 2.5 exposure Fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM ) air pollution is implicated in global mortality, especially from cardiovascular causes. A large body of evidence suggests a link between PM and elevation in blood pressure (BP), with the latter implicated as a potential mediator of cardiovascular events. We sought to determine if the outcomes of intensive BP lowering (systolic BP <120 mm Hg) on cardiovascular events are modified by PM exposure in the SPRINT (Systolic BP Intervention Trial). We linked annual PM exposure estimates derived from an integrated model to subjects participating in SPRINT. We evaluated the effect of intensive BP lowering by PM exposure on the primary outcome in SPRINT using cox-proportional hazard models. A total of 9286 participants were linked to PM levels (mean age 68±9 years). Intensive BP-lowering decreased risk of the primary outcome more among patients exposed to higher PM ( =0.047). The estimate for lowering of primary outcome was numerically lower in the highest than in the lower quintiles. The benefits of intensive BP-lowering were larger among patients chronically exposed to PM levels above US National Ambient Air Quality Standards of 12 µg/m (hazard ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.29-0.74]) compared with those living in cleaner locations (hazard ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.68-0.97]), =0.037. This exploratory nonprespecified post hoc analysis of SPRINT suggests that the benefits of intensive BP lowering on the primary outcome was greater in patients exposed to higher PM , suggesting that the magnitude of benefit may depend upon the magnitude of antecedent PM exposure. Fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) air pollution is implicated in global mortality, especially from cardiovascular causes. A large body of evidence suggests a link between PM2.5 and elevation in blood pressure (BP), with the latter implicated as a potential mediator of cardiovascular events. We sought to determine if the outcomes of intensive BP lowering (systolic BP <120 mm Hg) on cardiovascular events are modified by PM2.5 exposure in the SPRINT (Systolic BP Intervention Trial). We linked annual PM2.5 exposure estimates derived from an integrated model to subjects participating in SPRINT. We evaluated the effect of intensive BP lowering by PM2.5 exposure on the primary outcome in SPRINT using cox-proportional hazard models. A total of 9286 participants were linked to PM2.5 levels (mean age 68±9 years). Intensive BP-lowering decreased risk of the primary outcome more among patients exposed to higher PM2.5 (Pinteraction=0.047). The estimate for lowering of primary outcome was numerically lower in the highest than in the lower quintiles. The benefits of intensive BP-lowering were larger among patients chronically exposed to PM2.5 levels above US National Ambient Air Quality Standards of 12 µg/m3 (hazard ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.29-0.74]) compared with those living in cleaner locations (hazard ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.68-0.97]), Pinteraction=0.037. This exploratory nonprespecified post hoc analysis of SPRINT suggests that the benefits of intensive BP lowering on the primary outcome was greater in patients exposed to higher PM2.5, suggesting that the magnitude of benefit may depend upon the magnitude of antecedent PM2.5 exposure.Fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) air pollution is implicated in global mortality, especially from cardiovascular causes. A large body of evidence suggests a link between PM2.5 and elevation in blood pressure (BP), with the latter implicated as a potential mediator of cardiovascular events. We sought to determine if the outcomes of intensive BP lowering (systolic BP <120 mm Hg) on cardiovascular events are modified by PM2.5 exposure in the SPRINT (Systolic BP Intervention Trial). We linked annual PM2.5 exposure estimates derived from an integrated model to subjects participating in SPRINT. We evaluated the effect of intensive BP lowering by PM2.5 exposure on the primary outcome in SPRINT using cox-proportional hazard models. A total of 9286 participants were linked to PM2.5 levels (mean age 68±9 years). Intensive BP-lowering decreased risk of the primary outcome more among patients exposed to higher PM2.5 (Pinteraction=0.047). The estimate for lowering of primary outcome was numerically lower in the highest than in the lower quintiles. The benefits of intensive BP-lowering were larger among patients chronically exposed to PM2.5 levels above US National Ambient Air Quality Standards of 12 µg/m3 (hazard ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.29-0.74]) compared with those living in cleaner locations (hazard ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.68-0.97]), Pinteraction=0.037. This exploratory nonprespecified post hoc analysis of SPRINT suggests that the benefits of intensive BP lowering on the primary outcome was greater in patients exposed to higher PM2.5, suggesting that the magnitude of benefit may depend upon the magnitude of antecedent PM2.5 exposure. |
| Author | Lash, James P. Al-Kindi, Sadeer G. Tamariz, Leonardo Wright, Jackson T. Brauer, Michael Brook, Robert D. Paine, Robert Kostis, John Rajagopalan, Sanjay Bhatt, Udayan Rapp, Stephen Cushman, William C. Hanson, Heidi A. Raphael, Kalani L. |
| AuthorAffiliation | Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (U.B.) Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.) Department of Medicine (R.P., K.L.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, FL (L.T.) School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (M.B.) Department of Surgery and Huntsman Cancer Institute (H.A.H.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (J.K.) Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago (J.P.L) From the Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, OH (S.G.A.-K., J.T.W., S.R.) Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.D.B.) Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC (S.R.) |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (U.B.) – name: Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC (S.R.) – name: Department of Surgery and Huntsman Cancer Institute (H.A.H.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City – name: Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.) – name: School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (M.B.) – name: Department of Medicine (R.P., K.L.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City – name: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.D.B.) – name: Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago (J.P.L) – name: Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (J.K.) – name: From the Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, OH (S.G.A.-K., J.T.W., S.R.) – name: Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, FL (L.T.) – name: 9 Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA – name: 4 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada – name: 3 Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA – name: 6 Department of Surgery and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA – name: 11 Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System and the Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA – name: 5 Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA – name: 10 Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA – name: 7 Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA – name: 2 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA – name: 1 Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA – name: 8 Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Sadeer G. surname: Al-Kindi fullname: Al-Kindi, Sadeer G. organization: From the Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, OH (S.G.A.-K., J.T.W., S.R.) – sequence: 2 givenname: Robert D. surname: Brook fullname: Brook, Robert D. organization: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.D.B.) – sequence: 3 givenname: Udayan surname: Bhatt fullname: Bhatt, Udayan organization: Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus (U.B.) – sequence: 4 givenname: Michael surname: Brauer fullname: Brauer, Michael organization: School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (M.B.) – sequence: 5 givenname: William C. surname: Cushman fullname: Cushman, William C. organization: Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN (W.C.C.) – sequence: 6 givenname: Heidi A. surname: Hanson fullname: Hanson, Heidi A. organization: Department of Surgery and Huntsman Cancer Institute (H.A.H.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City – sequence: 7 givenname: John surname: Kostis fullname: Kostis, John organization: Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (J.K.) – sequence: 8 givenname: James P. surname: Lash fullname: Lash, James P. organization: Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago (J.P.L) – sequence: 9 givenname: Robert surname: Paine fullname: Paine, Robert organization: Department of Medicine (R.P., K.L.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City – sequence: 10 givenname: Kalani L. surname: Raphael fullname: Raphael, Kalani L. organization: Department of Medicine (R.P., K.L.R.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City – sequence: 11 givenname: Stephen surname: Rapp fullname: Rapp, Stephen organization: Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC (S.R.) – sequence: 12 givenname: Leonardo surname: Tamariz fullname: Tamariz, Leonardo organization: Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, FL (L.T.) – sequence: 13 givenname: Jackson T. surname: Wright fullname: Wright, Jackson T. organization: From the Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, OH (S.G.A.-K., J.T.W., S.R.) – sequence: 14 givenname: Sanjay surname: Rajagopalan fullname: Rajagopalan, Sanjay organization: From the Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, OH (S.G.A.-K., J.T.W., S.R.) |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33517683$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | Fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) air pollution is implicated in global mortality, especially from cardiovascular causes. A large body of evidence... Fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) air pollution is implicated in global mortality, especially from cardiovascular causes. A large body of evidence... Fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM ) air pollution is implicated in global mortality, especially from cardiovascular causes. A large body of evidence suggests... Fine particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) air pollution is implicated in global mortality, especially from cardiovascular causes. A large body of evidence... |
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| SubjectTerms | Aged Air Pollutants - analysis Antihypertensive Agents - therapeutic use Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology Cardiovascular Diseases - physiopathology Cardiovascular Diseases - prevention & control Clinical Trials as Topic Environmental Exposure - adverse effects Female Humans Hypertension - drug therapy Hypertension - etiology Hypertension - physiopathology Male Middle Aged Outcome Assessment, Health Care - methods Outcome Assessment, Health Care - statistics & numerical data Particulate Matter - analysis Proportional Hazards Models Risk Factors |
| Title | The Benefits of Intensive Versus Standard Blood Pressure Treatment According to Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution Exposure: A Post Hoc Analysis of SPRINT |
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