Changing Conceptions of Protected Areas and Conservation: Linking Conservation, Ecological Integrity and Tourism Management
From their first creation, national parks and equivalent reserves were socially constructed in the New World as static, primordial, untouched representations of a pre-European contact environment characterised by the 'balance of nature' resting in a steady (climax) state. While these image...
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| Published in | Journal of sustainable tourism Vol. 14; no. 3; pp. 223 - 237 |
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| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Clevedon
Taylor & Francis Group
15.05.2006
Multilingual Matters Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | From their first creation, national parks and equivalent reserves were socially constructed in the New World as static, primordial, untouched representations of a pre-European contact environment characterised by the 'balance of nature' resting in a steady (climax) state. While these images still linger in the minds of the public, the recent utilisation of landscape ecology, conservation biology and social constructivism to study and re-conceptualise protected areas has demonstrated that parks are not the protected islands of virgin wilderness they were constructed to represent; rather than protecting these areas from disturbance, we now recognise that disturbance is a major component in ecological integrity. We suggest that the resultant shift from species- to process-based conservation (i.e. ecological integrity), from attempting to cocoon parks from outside influences to re-engaging parks with landscape-level processes, has critical ramifications for protected area and sustainable tourism management. Land managers need to adapt to a new paradigm that reflects and supports this philosophical change in conservation principles; this shift is also reflected in science itself, manifested by a move from normal to 'post-normal' science which embraces these new principles. This approach should link visitor expectations with dynamic, non-linear, self-organising natural processes in order to meet conservation objectives. |
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| AbstractList | From their first creation, national parks and equivalent reserves were socially constructed in the New World as static, primordial, untouched representations of a pre- European contact environment characterised by the 'balance of nature' resting in a steady (climax) state. While these images still linger in the minds of the public, the recent utilisation of landscape ecology, conservation biology and social constructivism to study and re-conceptualise protected areas has demonstrated that parks are not the protected islands of virgin wilderness they were constructed to represent; rather than protecting these areas from disturbance, we now recognise that disturbance is a major component in ecological integrity. We suggest that the resultant shift from species- to process-based conservation (i.e. ecological integrity), from attempting to cocoon parks from outside influences to re-engaging parks with landscape-level processes, has critical ramifications for protected area and sustainable tourism management. Land managers need to adapt to a new paradigm that reflects and supports this philosophical change in conservation principles; this shift is also reflected in science itself, manifested by a move from normal to 'post-normal' science which embraces these new principles. This approach should link visitor expectations with dynamic, non-linear, self-organising natural processes in order to meet conservation objectives. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] From their first creation, national parks and equivalent reserves were socially constructed in the New World as static, primordial, untouched representations of a pre-European contact environment characterised by the 'balance of nature' resting in a steady (climax) state. While these images still linger in the minds of the public, the recent utilisation of landscape ecology, conservation biology and social constructivism to study and re-conceptualise protected areas has demonstrated that parks are not the protected islands of virgin wilderness they were constructed to represent; rather than protecting these areas from disturbance, we now recognise that disturbance is a major component in ecological integrity. We suggest that the resultant shift from species- to process-based conservation (i.e. ecological integrity), from attempting to cocoon parks from outside influences to re-engaging parks with landscape-level processes, has critical ramifications for protected area and sustainable tourism management. Land managers need to adapt to a new paradigm that reflects and supports this philosophical change in conservation principles; this shift is also reflected in science itself, manifested by a move from normal to 'post-normal' science which embraces these new principles. This approach should link visitor expectations with dynamic, non-linear, self-organising natural processes in order to meet conservation objectives. The contemporary dichotomy between the past social construction of conservation and protected areas and the evolving process-based conservation paradigm contained within the subdiscipline of landscape ecology and conservation biology, focusing on the concept of ecological integrity is discussed. It is suggested that the resultant shift from species-to-process based conservation, from attempting to cocoon parks from outside influences to re-engaging parks with landscape-level processes, has critical ramifications for protected area and sustainable tourism management. Land managers need to adapt to a new paradigm that reflects and supports the philosophical change in conservation principle. A new addition to recreation/tourism ecology, one that considers how tourism impacts the key ecological processes within entire ecosystems, is also needed. |
| Author | Shultis, John D. Way, Paul A. |
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| References | Boyd W. J. (CIT0008) 1999 CIT0030 CIT0032 Westra L. (CIT0059) 2001; 23 Callicott J. B. (CIT0011) 2003 Noss R. F. (CIT0040) 1994 Allen G. M. (CIT0001) 1986; 84 CIT0035 Ryszkowski L. (CIT0048) 2000 Buckley R. (CIT0009) 2000; 25 Karr J. R. (CIT0026) 1993 CIT0039 (CIT0042) 2000 Eagles P. F. (CIT0016) 2002 Botkin D. B. (CIT0006) 1990 Sellars R. W. (CIT0050) 1997 Nash R. (CIT0037) 1982 CIT0044 Westra L. (CIT0058) 2000 Grumbine E. R. (CIT0021) 1996; 6 Liddle M. (CIT0033) 1997 Myers N. (CIT0036) 1999 Boyd S. (CIT0007) 2000 Crabbé P. (CIT0014) 2000 (CIT0043) 2003 CIT0003 (CIT0041) 1979 CIT0051 Grumbine E. R. (CIT0022) 1997 CIT0054 CIT0053 CIT0055 Callicott J. B. (CIT0010) 1998 Crabbé P. (CIT0015) 2000 Searle R. (CIT0049) 2000 CIT0013 CIT0057 CIT0018 Pimental D. (CIT0046) 2000 Payne R. J. (CIT0045) 2002 CIT0019 Hammitt W. E. (CIT0023) 1998 Swinnerton G. (CIT0052) 2002 CIT0060 Mace G. M. (CIT0034) 1999 CIT0020 Beck U. (CIT0004) 1992 Kay J. J. (CIT0027) 2000 Bissonette J. A. (CIT0005) 2003 Eagles P. F.J. (CIT0017) 2003 Kellert S. H. (CIT0029) 1993 Andereck K. L. (CIT0002) 1995 Leopold A. (CIT0031) 1949 CIT0025 CIT0024 Westra L. (CIT0056) 1994 Runte A. (CIT0047) 1987 Newsome D. (CIT0038) 2002 CIT0028 |
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F. – volume-title: An Environmental Proposal for Ethics: The Principle of Integrity year: 1994 ident: CIT0056 contributor: fullname: Westra L. – ident: CIT0044 doi: 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0851:AWCWWS]2.0.CO;2 – volume-title: Ecological Integrity - Integrating Environment, Conservation and Health year: 2000 ident: CIT0046 contributor: fullname: Pimental D. – volume-title: Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas - Guidelines for Planning and Management year: 2003 ident: CIT0017 contributor: fullname: Eagles P. F.J. – volume: 6 start-page: 71 year: 1996 ident: CIT0021 publication-title: Wild Earth contributor: fullname: Grumbine E. 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| Title | Changing Conceptions of Protected Areas and Conservation: Linking Conservation, Ecological Integrity and Tourism Management |
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