Spruce milled wood lignin: linear, branched or cross-linked?
The subject of lignin structure, critical for fundamental and practical reasons, is addressed in this study that includes a review of the methods applied to elucidate macromolecular branching. The recently available approaches for determination of the absolute molecular mass of spruce milled wood li...
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| Published in | Green chemistry : an international journal and green chemistry resource : GC Vol. 22; no. 13; pp. 3985 - 41 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Cambridge
Royal Society of Chemistry
2020
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| Subjects | |
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| Abstract | The subject of lignin structure, critical for fundamental and practical reasons, is addressed in this study that includes a review of the methods applied to elucidate macromolecular branching. The recently available approaches for determination of the absolute molecular mass of spruce milled wood lignin (MWL) along with the quantification of terminal groups clearly indicate that MWL is significantly branched and cross-linked (with ∼36% lignin units partaking in these linkages). Results from independent methods imply that about half of the branching and crosslinking linkages involve aromatic rings, predominantly 5-5′ etherified units; meanwhile, a significant number of linkages are located in the side chains. Quantitative
13
C NMR analyses suggest that the branches involve different aliphatic ether (alkyl-O-alkyl) types at the α- and γ-positions of the side chain, with intact β-O-4 linkages. While the exact structures of these moieties require further investigation, our results point to the fact that conventional lignification theory disagrees with the presence of such key moieties in softwood MWL and the observed high degree of branching/crosslinking. Potential reasons for the noted discrepancies are discussed.
Plausible up-to-date structural model of spruce MWL in agreement with the current structural and molecular weight data. |
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| AbstractList | The subject of lignin structure, critical for fundamental and practical reasons, is addressed in this study that includes a review of the methods applied to elucidate macromolecular branching. The recently available approaches for determination of the absolute molecular mass of spruce milled wood lignin (MWL) along with the quantification of terminal groups clearly indicate that MWL is significantly branched and cross-linked (with ∼36% lignin units partaking in these linkages). Results from independent methods imply that about half of the branching and crosslinking linkages involve aromatic rings, predominantly 5–5′ etherified units; meanwhile, a significant number of linkages are located in the side chains. Quantitative 13C NMR analyses suggest that the branches involve different aliphatic ether (alkyl-O-alkyl) types at the α- and γ-positions of the side chain, with intact β-O-4 linkages. While the exact structures of these moieties require further investigation, our results point to the fact that conventional lignification theory disagrees with the presence of such key moieties in softwood MWL and the observed high degree of branching/crosslinking. Potential reasons for the noted discrepancies are discussed. The subject of lignin structure, critical for fundamental and practical reasons, is addressed in this study that includes a review of the methods applied to elucidate macromolecular branching. The recently available approaches for determination of the absolute molecular mass of spruce milled wood lignin (MWL) along with the quantification of terminal groups clearly indicate that MWL is significantly branched and cross-linked (with ∼36% lignin units partaking in these linkages). Results from independent methods imply that about half of the branching and crosslinking linkages involve aromatic rings, predominantly 5–5′ etherified units; meanwhile, a significant number of linkages are located in the side chains. Quantitative 13 C NMR analyses suggest that the branches involve different aliphatic ether (alkyl-O-alkyl) types at the α- and γ-positions of the side chain, with intact β-O-4 linkages. While the exact structures of these moieties require further investigation, our results point to the fact that conventional lignification theory disagrees with the presence of such key moieties in softwood MWL and the observed high degree of branching/crosslinking. Potential reasons for the noted discrepancies are discussed. The subject of lignin structure, critical for fundamental and practical reasons, is addressed in this study that includes a review of the methods applied to elucidate macromolecular branching. The recently available approaches for determination of the absolute molecular mass of spruce milled wood lignin (MWL) along with the quantification of terminal groups clearly indicate that MWL is significantly branched and cross-linked (with ∼36% lignin units partaking in these linkages). Results from independent methods imply that about half of the branching and crosslinking linkages involve aromatic rings, predominantly 5-5′ etherified units; meanwhile, a significant number of linkages are located in the side chains. Quantitative 13 C NMR analyses suggest that the branches involve different aliphatic ether (alkyl-O-alkyl) types at the α- and γ-positions of the side chain, with intact β-O-4 linkages. While the exact structures of these moieties require further investigation, our results point to the fact that conventional lignification theory disagrees with the presence of such key moieties in softwood MWL and the observed high degree of branching/crosslinking. Potential reasons for the noted discrepancies are discussed. Plausible up-to-date structural model of spruce MWL in agreement with the current structural and molecular weight data. |
| Author | Balakshin, Mikhail Rojas, Orlando J Sulaeva, Irina Potthast, Antje Rosenau, Thomas Zhu, Xuhai Capanema, Ewellyn Augsten |
| AuthorAffiliation | School of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemistry University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University University of British Columbia Institute for Chemistry of Renewable Resources Chemistry and Wood Science RISE Bioeconomy Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Institute for Chemistry of Renewable Resources – name: RISE Bioeconomy – name: Aalto University – name: Department of Chemistry – name: Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering – name: Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems – name: University of British Columbia – name: School of Chemical Engineering – name: Chemistry and Wood Science – name: University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Mikhail surname: Balakshin fullname: Balakshin, Mikhail – sequence: 2 givenname: Ewellyn Augsten surname: Capanema fullname: Capanema, Ewellyn Augsten – sequence: 3 givenname: Xuhai surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Xuhai – sequence: 4 givenname: Irina surname: Sulaeva fullname: Sulaeva, Irina – sequence: 5 givenname: Antje surname: Potthast fullname: Potthast, Antje – sequence: 6 givenname: Thomas surname: Rosenau fullname: Rosenau, Thomas – sequence: 7 givenname: Orlando J surname: Rojas fullname: Rojas, Orlando J |
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| SubjectTerms | Aliphatic compounds Aliphatic ethers Aromatic compounds Aromatic rings Chain branching Chains Crosslinking Degree of branching Green chemistry Joints Lignin Lignin structure Lignin units Lignins Linkages Macromolecules Methods Milled wood lignin NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance Rings Side-chains Sides Softwoods Structures Terminal groups Wood |
| Title | Spruce milled wood lignin: linear, branched or cross-linked? |
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