Autism, Metaphor and Relevance Theory

The pattern of impairments exhibited by some individuals on the autism spectrum appears to challenge the relevance‐theoretic account of metaphor (Carston, 1996, 2002; Sperber and Wilson, 2002; Sperber and Wilson, 2008). A subset of people on the autism spectrum have near‐normal syntactic, phonologic...

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Published inMind & language Vol. 25; no. 2; pp. 196 - 216
Main Author WEARING, CATHERINE
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.04.2010
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Abstract The pattern of impairments exhibited by some individuals on the autism spectrum appears to challenge the relevance‐theoretic account of metaphor (Carston, 1996, 2002; Sperber and Wilson, 2002; Sperber and Wilson, 2008). A subset of people on the autism spectrum have near‐normal syntactic, phonological, and semantic abilities while having severe difficulties with the interpretation of metaphor, irony, conversational implicature, and other pragmatic phenomena. However, Relevance Theory treats metaphor as importantly unlike phenomena such as conversational implicature or irony and like instances of ordinary literal speech. In this paper, I show how Relevance Theory can account for the prima facie incongruity between its treatment of metaphor and the case of individuals with autism.
AbstractList The pattern of impairments exhibited by some individuals on the autism spectrum appears to challenge the relevance‐theoretic account of metaphor (Carston, 1996, 2002; Sperber and Wilson, 2002; Sperber and Wilson, 2008). A subset of people on the autism spectrum have near‐normal syntactic, phonological, and semantic abilities while having severe difficulties with the interpretation of metaphor, irony, conversational implicature, and other pragmatic phenomena. However, Relevance Theory treats metaphor as importantly unlike phenomena such as conversational implicature or irony and like instances of ordinary literal speech. In this paper, I show how Relevance Theory can account for the prima facie incongruity between its treatment of metaphor and the case of individuals with autism.
The pattern of impairments exhibited by some individuals on the autism spectrum appears to challenge the relevance-theoretic account of metaphor (Carston, 1996, 2002; Sperber and Wilson, 2002; Sperber and Wilson, 2008). A subset of people on the autism spectrum have near-normal syntactic, phonological, and semantic abilities while having severe difficulties with the interpretation of metaphor, irony, conversational implicature, and other pragmatic phenomena. However, Relevance Theory treats metaphor as importantly unlike phenomena such as conversational implicature or irony and like instances of ordinary literal speech. In this paper, I show how Relevance Theory can account for the prima facie incongruity between its treatment of metaphor and the case of individuals with autism. Adapted from the source document
Author WEARING, CATHERINE
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Particular thanks to Robyn Carston, Luke Jerzykiewicz, Nausicaa Pouscoulous, Stacy Sneeringer, and Rob Stainton for very helpful discussions and comments. Thanks also to anonymous referees for this journal for their comments, and to members of the Pragmatics Reading Group at UCL for lively discussion of an earlier draft of this paper.
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References_xml – reference: Rubio Fernández, P. 2007: Suppression in metaphor interpretation: differences between meaning selection and meaning construction. Journal of Semantics, 24, 345-71.
– reference: Happé, F. 1993: Communicative competence and theory of mind in autism: a test for relevance theory. Cognition, 48, 101-19.
– reference: MacKay, G. and Shaw, A. 2004: A comparative study of figurative language in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Child Language, Teaching and Therapy, 20, 13-32.
– reference: Rubio Fernández, P. 2002: The inhibition of core features in metaphor interpretation. Research Centre for English and Applied Linguistics (RCEAL) Working Papers, 8, 73-100.
– reference: Southgate, V., Senju, A. and Csibra, G. 2007: Action anticipation through attribution of false belief by 2-year-olds. Psychological Science, 18, 587-92.
– reference: Perner, J., Frith, U., Leslie, A. and Leekam, S. 1989: Exploration of the autistic child's theory of mind: Knowledge, belief, and communication. Child Development, 60, 689-700.
– reference: Wilson, D. and Carston, R. 2006: Metaphor, relevance and the 'emergent property' issue. Mind & Language, 21, 404-33.
– reference: Minshew, N. J., Goldstein, G., and Siegel, D. J. 1995: Speech and language in high-functioning autistic individuals. Neuropsychology, 9, 255-61.
– reference: Wiig, E. H. and Secord, W. 1992: Test of Word Knowledge. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
– reference: Stern, J. 2000: Metaphor in Context. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
– reference: Surian, L., Baron-Cohen, S. and Der Lely, H. V. 1996: Are children with autism deaf to Gricean maxims? Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 1, 55-71.
– reference: Carston, R. 2002: Thoughts and Utterances: The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication. Oxford: Blackwell.
– reference: Wimmer, H. and Perner, J. 1983: Beliefs about beliefs: representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception. Cognition, 13, 103-28.
– reference: Bloom, P. and German, T. P. 2000: Two reasons to abandon the false belief task as a test of theory of mind. Cognition, 77, B25-B31.
– reference: Tager-Flusberg, H. 1981: On the nature of linguistic functioning in early infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11, 45-56.
– reference: Surian, L., Caldi, S. and Sperber, D. 2007: Attribution of beliefs by 13-month-old infants. Psychological Science, 18, 580-86.
– reference: Baltaxe, C. 1977: Pragmatic deficits in the language of autistic adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 2, 176-80.
– reference: Lee, A., Hobson, R. P. and Chiat, S. 1994: I, you, me, and autism: an experimental study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 155-76.
– reference: Happé, F. 1994: An advanced test of theory of mind: understanding of story characters' thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped and normal children and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 129-54.
– reference: Carston, R. 1996: Enrichment and loosening: complementary processes in deriving the proposition expressed? UCL Working Papers in Linguistics, 8, 205-32. Reprinted 1997 in Linguistische Berichte 8, Special Issue on Pragmatics, 103-27.
– reference: Tager-Flusberg, H. 2000: Understanding the language and communication impairments in autism. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, 26, 185-205.
– reference: Tager-Flusberg, H., Calkins, S., Nolin, T., Baumberger, T., Anderson, M. and Chadwick-Dias, A. 1990: A longitudinal study of language acquisition in autistic and Downs syndrome children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 20, 1-21.
– reference: Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A., and Frith, U. 1985: Does the autistic child have a 'theory of mind'? Cognition, 21, 37-46.
– reference: De Villiers, J., Stainton, R. J. and Szatmari, P. 2007: Pragmatic abilities in autism spectrum disorder: a case study in philosophy and the empirical. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 31, 292-317.
– reference: Onishi, K. and Baillargeon, R. 2005: Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs? Science, 308(5719), 255-58.
– reference: Kanner, L. 1943: Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217-50.
– reference: Martin, I. and McDonald, S. 2004: An exploration of causes of non-literal language problems in individuals with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 311-28.
– reference: Jolliffe, T. and Baron-Cohen, S. 1999: The strange stories test: a replication with high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 395-406.
– reference: Baron-Cohen, S. 1997: Hey! It was just a joke! Understanding propositions and propositional attitudes by normally developing children and children with autism. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 34(3), 174-78.
– reference: Norbury, C. F. 2005: The relationship between theory of mind and metaphor: evidence from children with language impairment and autistic spectrum disorder. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 23, 383-99.
– reference: Kanner, L. 1946: Irrelevant and metaphorical language. American Journal of Psychiatry, 103, 242-46.
– reference: Happé, F. 1995: Understanding minds and metaphors: insights from the study of figurative language in autism. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 10, 275-95.
– reference: Langdon, R., Davies, M. and Coltheart, M. 2002: Understanding minds and understanding communicated meanings in schizophrenia. Mind & Language, 17, 68-104.
– reference: Tager-Flusberg, H. 1992: Autistic children talk about psychological states: deficits in the early acquisition of a theory of mind. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 63, 161-72.
– reference: Sperber, D. and Wilson, D. 2002: Pragmatics, modularity and mind-reading. Mind & Language, 17, 3-23.
– reference: Ozonoff, S. and Miller, J. N. 1996: An exploration of right-hemisphere contributions to the pragmatic impairments of autism. Brain and Language, 52, 411-34.
– reference: Baron-Cohen, S. 2001: Theory of mind and autism: a review. Special Issue of the International Review of Mental Retardation, 23(169), 169-84.
– reference: Bezuidenhout, A. 2001: Metaphor and what is said: a defense of a direct expression view of metaphor. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 25, 156-86.
– volume: 1
  start-page: 55
  year: 1996
  end-page: 71
  article-title: Are children with autism deaf to Gricean maxims?
  publication-title: Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
– volume: 18
  start-page: 587
  year: 2007
  end-page: 92
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Snippet The pattern of impairments exhibited by some individuals on the autism spectrum appears to challenge the relevance‐theoretic account of metaphor (Carston,...
The pattern of impairments exhibited by some individuals on the autism spectrum appears to challenge the relevance-theoretic account of metaphor (Carston,...
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SubjectTerms Autism
Implicature
Irony
Metaphors
Pragmatics
Relevance Theory
Title Autism, Metaphor and Relevance Theory
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