The Effect of Sulfated Zirconia and Zirconium Phosphate Nanocomposite Membranes on Fuel-Cell Efficiency
To investigate the effect of acidic nanoparticles on proton conductivity, permeability, and fuel-cell performance, a commercial Nafion® 117 membrane was impregnated with zirconium phosphates (ZrP) and sulfated zirconium (S-ZrO2) nanoparticles. As they are more stable than other solid superacids, sul...
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| Published in | Polymers Vol. 14; no. 2; p. 263 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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10.01.2022
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| Abstract | To investigate the effect of acidic nanoparticles on proton conductivity, permeability, and fuel-cell performance, a commercial Nafion® 117 membrane was impregnated with zirconium phosphates (ZrP) and sulfated zirconium (S-ZrO2) nanoparticles. As they are more stable than other solid superacids, sulfated metal oxides have been the subject of intensive research. Meanwhile, hydrophilic, proton-conducting inorganic acids such as zirconium phosphate (ZrP) have been used to modify the Nafion® membrane due to their hydrophilic nature, proton-conducting material, very low toxicity, low cost, and stability in a hydrogen/oxygen atmosphere. A tensile test, water uptake, methanol crossover, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to assess the capacity of nanocomposite membranes to function in a fuel cell. The modified Nafion® membrane had a higher water uptake and a lower water content angle than the commercial Nafion® 117 membrane, indicating that it has a greater impact on conductivity. Under strain rates of 40, 30, and 20 mm/min, the nanocomposite membranes demonstrated more stable thermal deterioration and higher mechanical strength, which offers tremendous promise for fuel-cell applications. When compared to 0.113 S/cm and 0.013 S/cm, respectively, of commercial Nafion® 117 and Nafion® ZrP membranes, the modified Nafion® membrane with ammonia sulphate acid had the highest proton conductivity of 7.891 S/cm. When tested using a direct single-cell methanol fuel cell, it also had the highest power density of 183 mW cm−2 which is better than commercial Nafion® 117 and Nafion® ZrP membranes. |
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| AbstractList | To investigate the effect of acidic nanoparticles on proton conductivity, permeability, and fuel-cell performance, a commercial Nafion
117 membrane was impregnated with zirconium phosphates (ZrP) and sulfated zirconium (S-ZrO
) nanoparticles. As they are more stable than other solid superacids, sulfated metal oxides have been the subject of intensive research. Meanwhile, hydrophilic, proton-conducting inorganic acids such as zirconium phosphate (ZrP) have been used to modify the Nafion
membrane due to their hydrophilic nature, proton-conducting material, very low toxicity, low cost, and stability in a hydrogen/oxygen atmosphere. A tensile test, water uptake, methanol crossover, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to assess the capacity of nanocomposite membranes to function in a fuel cell. The modified Nafion
membrane had a higher water uptake and a lower water content angle than the commercial Nafion
117 membrane, indicating that it has a greater impact on conductivity. Under strain rates of 40, 30, and 20 mm/min, the nanocomposite membranes demonstrated more stable thermal deterioration and higher mechanical strength, which offers tremendous promise for fuel-cell applications. When compared to 0.113 S/cm and 0.013 S/cm, respectively, of commercial Nafion
117 and Nafion
ZrP membranes, the modified Nafion
membrane with ammonia sulphate acid had the highest proton conductivity of 7.891 S/cm. When tested using a direct single-cell methanol fuel cell, it also had the highest power density of 183 mW cm
which is better than commercial Nafion
117 and Nafion
ZrP membranes. To investigate the effect of acidic nanoparticles on proton conductivity, permeability, and fuel-cell performance, a commercial Nafion® 117 membrane was impregnated with zirconium phosphates (ZrP) and sulfated zirconium (S-ZrO2) nanoparticles. As they are more stable than other solid superacids, sulfated metal oxides have been the subject of intensive research. Meanwhile, hydrophilic, proton-conducting inorganic acids such as zirconium phosphate (ZrP) have been used to modify the Nafion® membrane due to their hydrophilic nature, proton-conducting material, very low toxicity, low cost, and stability in a hydrogen/oxygen atmosphere. A tensile test, water uptake, methanol crossover, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to assess the capacity of nanocomposite membranes to function in a fuel cell. The modified Nafion® membrane had a higher water uptake and a lower water content angle than the commercial Nafion® 117 membrane, indicating that it has a greater impact on conductivity. Under strain rates of 40, 30, and 20 mm/min, the nanocomposite membranes demonstrated more stable thermal deterioration and higher mechanical strength, which offers tremendous promise for fuel-cell applications. When compared to 0.113 S/cm and 0.013 S/cm, respectively, of commercial Nafion® 117 and Nafion® ZrP membranes, the modified Nafion® membrane with ammonia sulphate acid had the highest proton conductivity of 7.891 S/cm. When tested using a direct single-cell methanol fuel cell, it also had the highest power density of 183 mW cm−2 which is better than commercial Nafion® 117 and Nafion® ZrP membranes. To investigate the effect of acidic nanoparticles on proton conductivity, permeability, and fuel-cell performance, a commercial Nafion® 117 membrane was impregnated with zirconium phosphates (ZrP) and sulfated zirconium (S-ZrO2) nanoparticles. As they are more stable than other solid superacids, sulfated metal oxides have been the subject of intensive research. Meanwhile, hydrophilic, proton-conducting inorganic acids such as zirconium phosphate (ZrP) have been used to modify the Nafion® membrane due to their hydrophilic nature, proton-conducting material, very low toxicity, low cost, and stability in a hydrogen/oxygen atmosphere. A tensile test, water uptake, methanol crossover, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to assess the capacity of nanocomposite membranes to function in a fuel cell. The modified Nafion® membrane had a higher water uptake and a lower water content angle than the commercial Nafion® 117 membrane, indicating that it has a greater impact on conductivity. Under strain rates of 40, 30, and 20 mm/min, the nanocomposite membranes demonstrated more stable thermal deterioration and higher mechanical strength, which offers tremendous promise for fuel-cell applications. When compared to 0.113 S/cm and 0.013 S/cm, respectively, of commercial Nafion® 117 and Nafion® ZrP membranes, the modified Nafion® membrane with ammonia sulphate acid had the highest proton conductivity of 7.891 S/cm. When tested using a direct single-cell methanol fuel cell, it also had the highest power density of 183 mW cm-2 which is better than commercial Nafion® 117 and Nafion® ZrP membranes.To investigate the effect of acidic nanoparticles on proton conductivity, permeability, and fuel-cell performance, a commercial Nafion® 117 membrane was impregnated with zirconium phosphates (ZrP) and sulfated zirconium (S-ZrO2) nanoparticles. As they are more stable than other solid superacids, sulfated metal oxides have been the subject of intensive research. Meanwhile, hydrophilic, proton-conducting inorganic acids such as zirconium phosphate (ZrP) have been used to modify the Nafion® membrane due to their hydrophilic nature, proton-conducting material, very low toxicity, low cost, and stability in a hydrogen/oxygen atmosphere. A tensile test, water uptake, methanol crossover, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to assess the capacity of nanocomposite membranes to function in a fuel cell. The modified Nafion® membrane had a higher water uptake and a lower water content angle than the commercial Nafion® 117 membrane, indicating that it has a greater impact on conductivity. Under strain rates of 40, 30, and 20 mm/min, the nanocomposite membranes demonstrated more stable thermal deterioration and higher mechanical strength, which offers tremendous promise for fuel-cell applications. When compared to 0.113 S/cm and 0.013 S/cm, respectively, of commercial Nafion® 117 and Nafion® ZrP membranes, the modified Nafion® membrane with ammonia sulphate acid had the highest proton conductivity of 7.891 S/cm. When tested using a direct single-cell methanol fuel cell, it also had the highest power density of 183 mW cm-2 which is better than commercial Nafion® 117 and Nafion® ZrP membranes. To investigate the effect of acidic nanoparticles on proton conductivity, permeability, and fuel-cell performance, a commercial Nafion ® 117 membrane was impregnated with zirconium phosphates (ZrP) and sulfated zirconium (S-ZrO 2 ) nanoparticles. As they are more stable than other solid superacids, sulfated metal oxides have been the subject of intensive research. Meanwhile, hydrophilic, proton-conducting inorganic acids such as zirconium phosphate (ZrP) have been used to modify the Nafion ® membrane due to their hydrophilic nature, proton-conducting material, very low toxicity, low cost, and stability in a hydrogen/oxygen atmosphere. A tensile test, water uptake, methanol crossover, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to assess the capacity of nanocomposite membranes to function in a fuel cell. The modified Nafion ® membrane had a higher water uptake and a lower water content angle than the commercial Nafion ® 117 membrane, indicating that it has a greater impact on conductivity. Under strain rates of 40, 30, and 20 mm/min, the nanocomposite membranes demonstrated more stable thermal deterioration and higher mechanical strength, which offers tremendous promise for fuel-cell applications. When compared to 0.113 S/cm and 0.013 S/cm, respectively, of commercial Nafion ® 117 and Nafion ® ZrP membranes, the modified Nafion ® membrane with ammonia sulphate acid had the highest proton conductivity of 7.891 S/cm. When tested using a direct single-cell methanol fuel cell, it also had the highest power density of 183 mW cm −2 which is better than commercial Nafion ® 117 and Nafion ® ZrP membranes. |
| Author | Mokrani, Touhami Sigwadi, Rudzani Nemavhola, Fulufhelo Msomi, Phumlani |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa; tmokrani@unisa.ac.za 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa; masitfj@unisa.ac.za 2 Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa; pmsomi@uj.ac.za |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa; masitfj@unisa.ac.za – name: 2 Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa; pmsomi@uj.ac.za – name: 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa; tmokrani@unisa.ac.za |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Rudzani orcidid: 0000-0002-3789-0874 surname: Sigwadi fullname: Sigwadi, Rudzani – sequence: 2 givenname: Touhami surname: Mokrani fullname: Mokrani, Touhami – sequence: 3 givenname: Phumlani orcidid: 0000-0003-4900-9009 surname: Msomi fullname: Msomi, Phumlani – sequence: 4 givenname: Fulufhelo orcidid: 0000-0002-6250-5157 surname: Nemavhola fullname: Nemavhola, Fulufhelo |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_3390_membranes12050506 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dental_2024_07_007 crossref_primary_10_3390_membranes13100838 crossref_primary_10_3390_membranes13120887 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_energy_2022_125237 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_langmuir_3c03966 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_polymer_2024_127241 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11694_024_02788_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijhydene_2023_12_098 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psep_2024_07_094 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijhydene_2024_04_253 crossref_primary_10_3390_s23031131 crossref_primary_10_1002_app_54006 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijhydene_2024_12_513 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijhydene_2024_03_128 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41918_023_00189_3 crossref_primary_10_1039_D4NJ05019C |
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| Copyright | 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. 2022 by the authors. 2022 |
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| Keywords | incorporation fuel-cell efficiency sulphated zirconium oxide zirconium phosphates water contact angle |
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| Snippet | To investigate the effect of acidic nanoparticles on proton conductivity, permeability, and fuel-cell performance, a commercial Nafion® 117 membrane was... To investigate the effect of acidic nanoparticles on proton conductivity, permeability, and fuel-cell performance, a commercial Nafion 117 membrane was... To investigate the effect of acidic nanoparticles on proton conductivity, permeability, and fuel-cell performance, a commercial Nafion ® 117 membrane was... |
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| SubjectTerms | Ammonia Conductivity Contact angle Fourier transforms Fuel cells Gravimetric analysis Hot pressing Hydrophilicity Infrared analysis Inorganic acids Membranes Metal oxides Methanol Moisture content Nanocomposites Nanoparticles Permeability Phosphates Polymers Protons Spectrum analysis Tensile tests Thermal analysis Toxicity Zirconium Zirconium dioxide |
| Title | The Effect of Sulfated Zirconia and Zirconium Phosphate Nanocomposite Membranes on Fuel-Cell Efficiency |
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