LSTMVis: A Tool for Visual Analysis of Hidden State Dynamics in Recurrent Neural Networks

• Published in: IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics Vol. 24; no. 1; pp. 667 - 676
• Main Authors: Strobelt, Hendrik, Gehrmann, Sebastian, Pfister, Hanspeter, Rush, Alexander M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States IEEE 01.01.2018; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Annotations; Computational modeling; Data models; LSTM; Machine Learning; Nesting; Neural networks; Pattern matching; Progressions; Recurrent neural networks; Representations; Statistical analysis; Visualization
• DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2017.2744158
• ISSN: 1077-2626; 1941-0506

Recurrent neural networks, and in particular long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, are a remarkably effective tool for sequence modeling that learn a dense black-box hidden representation of their sequential input. Researchers interested in better understanding these models have studied the changes in hidden state representations over time and noticed some interpretable patterns but also significant noise. In this work, we present LSTMVis, a visual analysis tool for recurrent neural networks with a focus on understanding these hidden state dynamics. The tool allows users to select a hypothesis input range to focus on local state changes, to match these states changes to similar patterns in a large data set, and to align these results with structural annotations from their domain. We show several use cases of the tool for analyzing specific hidden state properties on dataset containing nesting, phrase structure, and chord progressions, and demonstrate how the tool can be used to isolate patterns for further statistical analysis. We characterize the domain, the different stakeholders, and their goals and tasks. Long-term usage data after putting the tool online revealed great interest in the machine learning community.