Structures of the ß-Keratin Filaments and Keratin Intermediate Filaments in the Epidermal Appendages of Birds and Reptiles (Sauropsids)

The epidermal appendages of birds and reptiles (the sauropsids) include claws, scales, and feathers. Each has specialized physical properties that facilitate movement, thermal insulation, defence mechanisms, and/or the catching of prey. The mechanical attributes of each of these appendages originate...

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Published inGenes Vol. 12; no. 4; p. 591
Main Author Parry, David A D
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 17.04.2021
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Abstract The epidermal appendages of birds and reptiles (the sauropsids) include claws, scales, and feathers. Each has specialized physical properties that facilitate movement, thermal insulation, defence mechanisms, and/or the catching of prey. The mechanical attributes of each of these appendages originate from its fibril-matrix texture, where the two filamentous structures present, i.e., the corneous ß-proteins (CBP or ß-keratins) that form 3.4 nm diameter filaments and the α-fibrous molecules that form the 7-10 nm diameter keratin intermediate filaments (KIF), provide much of the required tensile properties. The matrix, which is composed of the terminal domains of the KIF molecules and the proteins of the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) (and which include the terminal domains of the CBP), provides the appendages, with their ability to resist compression and torsion. Only by knowing the detailed structures of the individual components and the manner in which they interact with one another will a full understanding be gained of the physical properties of the tissues as a whole. Towards that end, newly-derived aspects of the detailed conformations of the two filamentous structures will be discussed and then placed in the context of former knowledge.
AbstractList The epidermal appendages of birds and reptiles (the sauropsids) include claws, scales, and feathers. Each has specialized physical properties that facilitate movement, thermal insulation, defence mechanisms, and/or the catching of prey. The mechanical attributes of each of these appendages originate from its fibril-matrix texture, where the two filamentous structures present, i.e., the corneous ß-proteins (CBP or ß-keratins) that form 3.4 nm diameter filaments and the α-fibrous molecules that form the 7–10 nm diameter keratin intermediate filaments (KIF), provide much of the required tensile properties. The matrix, which is composed of the terminal domains of the KIF molecules and the proteins of the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) (and which include the terminal domains of the CBP), provides the appendages, with their ability to resist compression and torsion. Only by knowing the detailed structures of the individual components and the manner in which they interact with one another will a full understanding be gained of the physical properties of the tissues as a whole. Towards that end, newly-derived aspects of the detailed conformations of the two filamentous structures will be discussed and then placed in the context of former knowledge.
Author Parry, David A D
AuthorAffiliation School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; d.parry@massey.ac.nz ; Tel.: +64-6-9517620; Fax: +64-6-3557953
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33920614$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 4
Keywords X-ray fiber diffraction
corneous ß-proteins
keratin intermediate filaments
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Snippet The epidermal appendages of birds and reptiles (the sauropsids) include claws, scales, and feathers. Each has specialized physical properties that facilitate...
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SubjectTerms Animals
Appendages
beta-Keratins - chemistry
Biological Evolution
Birds
Compression
Epidermis - chemistry
Filaments
Intermediate filaments
Intermediate Filaments - chemistry
Keratin
Microscopy
Phylogenetics
Prey
Protein Domains
Proteins
Reptiles
Review
Snakes
Tensile properties
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Title Structures of the ß-Keratin Filaments and Keratin Intermediate Filaments in the Epidermal Appendages of Birds and Reptiles (Sauropsids)
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33920614
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8072682
Volume 12
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