Location and analysis of acoustic infrasound pulses in lightning
Acoustic, VHF, and electrostatic measurements throw new light onto the origin and production mechanism of the thunder infrasound signature (<10 Hz) from lightning. This signature, composed of an initial compression followed by a rarefaction pulse, has been the subject of several unconfirmed theor...
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| Published in | Geophysical research letters Vol. 41; no. 13; pp. 4735 - 4744 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Washington
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
16.07.2014
John Wiley & Sons, Inc |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Acoustic, VHF, and electrostatic measurements throw new light onto the origin and production mechanism of the thunder infrasound signature (<10 Hz) from lightning. This signature, composed of an initial compression followed by a rarefaction pulse, has been the subject of several unconfirmed theories and models. The observations of two intracloud flashes which each produced multiple infrasound pulses were analyzed for this work. Once the variation of the speed of sound with temperature is taken into account, both the compression and rarefaction portions of the infrasound pulses are found to originate very near lightning channels mapped by the Lightning Mapping Array. We found that none of the currently proposed models can explain infrasound generation by lightning, and thus propose an alternate theory: The infrasound compression pulse is produced by electrostatic interaction of the charge deposited on the channel and in the streamer zone of the lightning channel.
Key Points
Recent theories on infrasound pulse generation are tested against observations
A mechanism is proposed which may explain infrasound pulse generation
Correction for the speed of sound variation is developed for acoustic location |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Acoustic, VHF, and electrostatic measurements throw new light onto the origin and production mechanism of the thunder infrasound signature (<10 Hz) from lightning. This signature, composed of an initial compression followed by a rarefaction pulse, has been the subject of several unconfirmed theories and models. The observations of two intracloud flashes which each produced multiple infrasound pulses were analyzed for this work. Once the variation of the speed of sound with temperature is taken into account, both the compression and rarefaction portions of the infrasound pulses are found to originate very near lightning channels mapped by the Lightning Mapping Array. We found that none of the currently proposed models can explain infrasound generation by lightning, and thus propose an alternate theory: The infrasound compression pulse is produced by electrostatic interaction of the charge deposited on the channel and in the streamer zone of the lightning channel. Acoustic, VHF, and electrostatic measurements throw new light onto the origin and production mechanism of the thunder infrasound signature (<10 Hz) from lightning. This signature, composed of an initial compression followed by a rarefaction pulse, has been the subject of several unconfirmed theories and models. The observations of two intracloud flashes which each produced multiple infrasound pulses were analyzed for this work. Once the variation of the speed of sound with temperature is taken into account, both the compression and rarefaction portions of the infrasound pulses are found to originate very near lightning channels mapped by the Lightning Mapping Array. We found that none of the currently proposed models can explain infrasound generation by lightning, and thus propose an alternate theory: The infrasound compression pulse is produced by electrostatic interaction of the charge deposited on the channel and in the streamer zone of the lightning channel. Key Points Recent theories on infrasound pulse generation are tested against observations A mechanism is proposed which may explain infrasound pulse generation Correction for the speed of sound variation is developed for acoustic location Acoustic, VHF, and electrostatic measurements throw new light onto the origin and production mechanism of the thunder infrasound signature (<10 Hz) from lightning. This signature, composed of an initial compression followed by a rarefaction pulse, has been the subject of several unconfirmed theories and models. The observations of two intracloud flashes which each produced multiple infrasound pulses were analyzed for this work. Once the variation of the speed of sound with temperature is taken into account, both the compression and rarefaction portions of the infrasound pulses are found to originate very near lightning channels mapped by the Lightning Mapping Array. We found that none of the currently proposed models can explain infrasound generation by lightning, and thus propose an alternate theory: The infrasound compression pulse is produced by electrostatic interaction of the charge deposited on the channel and in the streamer zone of the lightning channel. Key Points * Recent theories on infrasound pulse generation are tested against observations * A mechanism is proposed which may explain infrasound pulse generation * Correction for the speed of sound variation is developed for acoustic location Acoustic, VHF, and electrostatic measurements throw new light onto the origin and production mechanism of the thunder infrasound signature (<10 Hz) from lightning. This signature, composed of an initial compression followed by a rarefaction pulse, has been the subject of several unconfirmed theories and models. The observations of two intracloud flashes which each produced multiple infrasound pulses were analyzed for this work. Once the variation of the speed of sound with temperature is taken into account, both the compression and rarefaction portions of the infrasound pulses are found to originate very near lightning channels mapped by the Lightning Mapping Array. We found that none of the currently proposed models can explain infrasound generation by lightning, and thus propose an alternate theory: The infrasound compression pulse is produced by electrostatic interaction of the charge deposited on the channel and in the streamer zone of the lightning channel. Recent theories on infrasound pulse generation are tested against observations A mechanism is proposed which may explain infrasound pulse generation Correction for the speed of sound variation is developed for acoustic location |
| Author | Arechiga, R. Erives, H. Rison, W. Lapierre, J. Thomas, R. Stock, M. Edens, H. |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1002/2013GL059164 10.1029/2004JD004549 10.1002/2013GL059180 10.1029/2008JD011145 10.1029/JZ065i004p01189 10.1029/2004GL021802 10.1029/JZ072i024p06149 10.1098/rsta.1921.0003 10.1029/2008GL034193 10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00101.1 10.1029/1999GL010856 10.1029/2011JD015998 10.1029/2011GL049162 10.1029/JC088iC06p03879 10.1029/JC084iC04p01735 10.1029/JD090iD04p06175 10.1002/jgrd.50805 10.1029/JC078i012p01889 10.1029/JC074i028p06926 10.1029/2012JD018542 10.1029/GL004i001p00049 |
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| References | Balachandran, N. K. (1979), Infrasonic signals from thunder, J. Geophys. Res., 84(C4), 1735-1745. Edens, H., K. Eack, W. Rison, and S. Hunyady (2014), Photographic observations of streamers and steps in a cloud-to-air negative leader, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41(4), 1336-1342, doi:10.1002/2013GL059180. Marcillo, O., J. B. Johnson, and D. E. Hart (2012), Implementation, characterization, and evaluation of an inexpensive low-power low-noise infrasound sensor based on a micromachined differential pressure transducer and a mechanical filter, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 29(9), 1275-1284. Pasko, V. P. (2009), Mechanism of lightning-associated infrasonic pulses from thunderclouds, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08205, doi:10.1029/2008JD011145. Few, A., A. Dessler, D. J. Latham, and M. Brook (1967), A dominant 200-hertz peak in the acoustic spectrum of thunder, J. Geophys. Res., 72(24), 6149-6154. Johnson, J., R. Arechiga, R. Thomas, H. Edens, J. Anderson, and R. Johnson (2011), Imaging thunder, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38(19), L19807, doi:10.1029/2011GL049162. Qiu, S., B.-H. Zhou, and L.-H. Shi (2012), Synchronized observations of cloud-to-ground lightning using VHF broadband interferometer and acoustic arrays, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D19204, doi:10.1029/2012JD018542. Tipler, P. A., and G. Mosca (2004), Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 5th ed., W. H. Freeman and Company, New York. Bazelyan, E. M., and Y. P. Raizer (1997), Spark Discharge, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. Bohannon, J., A. Few, and A. Dessler (1977), Detection of infrasonic pulses from thunderclouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 4(1), 49-52. Balachandran, N. K. (1983), Acoustic and electric signals from lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 88(C6), 3879-3884. Few, A. (1985), The production of lightning-associated infrasonic acoustic sources in thunderclouds, J. Geophys. Res., 90(D4), 6175-6180. Assink, J., L. Evers, I. Holleman, and H. Paulssen (2008), Characterization of infrasound from lightning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35(15), L15802, doi:10.1029/2008GL034193. Dessler, A. (1973), Infrasonic thunder, J. Geophys. Res., 78(12), 1889-1896. Chum, J., G. Diendorfer, T. Šindelářovaá, J. Baše, and F. Hruška (2013), Infrasound pulses from lightning and electrostatic field changes: Observation and discussion, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 10,653-10,664. Few, A. (1969), Power spectrum of thunder, J. Geophys. Res., 74(28), 6926-6934, doi:10.1029/JC074i028p06926. Marshall, T., M. Stolzenburg, C. Maggio, L. Coleman, P. Krehbiel, T. Hamlin, R. Thomas, and W. Rison (2005), Observed electric fields associated with lightning initiation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(3), L03813, doi:10.1029/2004GL021802. Thomas, R., P. Krehbiel, W. Rison, S. Hunyady, W. Winn, T. Hamlin, and J. Harlin (2004), Accuracy of the lightning mapping array, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14207, doi:10.1029/2004JD004549. Kitagawa, N., and M. Brook (1960), A comparison of intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning discharges, J. Geophys. Res., 65(4), 1189-1201. Wilson, C. (1920), Investigations on lightning discharges and on the electric field of thunderstorms, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 221, 73-115. Rison, W., R. Thomas, P. Krehbiel, T. Hamlin, and J. Harlin (1999), A GPS-based three-dimensional lightning mapping, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(23), 3573-3576. Arechiga, R., J. Johnson, H. Edens, W. Rison, R. Thomas, K. Eack, and E. Eastvedt (2009), Infrasonic observations from triggered lightning, Eos Trans. AGU, 90(5), Fall Meeting Abstracts AE21A-0295. Winn, W., G. Aulich, S. Hunyady, K. Eack, H. Edens, P. Krehbiel, W. Rison, and R. Sonnenfeld (2011), Lightning leader stepping, K changes, and other observations near an intracloud flash, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D23115, doi:10.1029/2011JD015998. da Silva, C. L., and V. P. Pasko (2014), Infrasonic acoustic waves generated by fast air heating in sprite cores, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41(5), 1789-1795, doi:10.1002/2013GL059164. 2011; 116 1973; 78 1969; 74 1920; 221 1999; 26 2009 1997 2008; 35 2004 2014; 41 2004; 109 2011; 38 2009; 114 1978 1960; 65 1967; 72 2009; 90 2013; 118 1977; 4 1985; 90 2005; 32 2012; 29 2013 1980 2012; 117 1969 1979; 84 1983; 88 Arechiga R. (e_1_2_6_2_1) 2009; 90 e_1_2_6_10_1 e_1_2_6_30_1 Bazelyan E. M. (e_1_2_6_7_1) 1997 Few A. (e_1_2_6_17_1) 1969 e_1_2_6_19_1 e_1_2_6_13_1 e_1_2_6_14_1 e_1_2_6_11_1 e_1_2_6_12_1 e_1_2_6_18_1 e_1_2_6_15_1 e_1_2_6_16_1 e_1_2_6_21_1 e_1_2_6_20_1 Tipler P. A. (e_1_2_6_28_1) 2004 e_1_2_6_9_1 e_1_2_6_8_1 e_1_2_6_5_1 e_1_2_6_4_1 e_1_2_6_6_1 e_1_2_6_25_1 e_1_2_6_24_1 e_1_2_6_3_1 e_1_2_6_23_1 e_1_2_6_22_1 e_1_2_6_29_1 e_1_2_6_27_1 e_1_2_6_26_1 |
| References_xml | – reference: Balachandran, N. K. (1983), Acoustic and electric signals from lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 88(C6), 3879-3884. – reference: Wilson, C. (1920), Investigations on lightning discharges and on the electric field of thunderstorms, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 221, 73-115. – reference: Few, A. (1969), Power spectrum of thunder, J. Geophys. Res., 74(28), 6926-6934, doi:10.1029/JC074i028p06926. – reference: Arechiga, R., J. Johnson, H. Edens, W. Rison, R. Thomas, K. Eack, and E. Eastvedt (2009), Infrasonic observations from triggered lightning, Eos Trans. AGU, 90(5), Fall Meeting Abstracts AE21A-0295. – reference: Kitagawa, N., and M. Brook (1960), A comparison of intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning discharges, J. Geophys. Res., 65(4), 1189-1201. – reference: Bohannon, J., A. Few, and A. Dessler (1977), Detection of infrasonic pulses from thunderclouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 4(1), 49-52. – reference: Balachandran, N. K. (1979), Infrasonic signals from thunder, J. Geophys. Res., 84(C4), 1735-1745. – reference: Rison, W., R. Thomas, P. Krehbiel, T. Hamlin, and J. Harlin (1999), A GPS-based three-dimensional lightning mapping, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(23), 3573-3576. – reference: Thomas, R., P. Krehbiel, W. Rison, S. Hunyady, W. Winn, T. Hamlin, and J. Harlin (2004), Accuracy of the lightning mapping array, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14207, doi:10.1029/2004JD004549. – reference: Johnson, J., R. Arechiga, R. Thomas, H. Edens, J. Anderson, and R. Johnson (2011), Imaging thunder, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38(19), L19807, doi:10.1029/2011GL049162. – reference: Few, A., A. Dessler, D. J. Latham, and M. Brook (1967), A dominant 200-hertz peak in the acoustic spectrum of thunder, J. Geophys. Res., 72(24), 6149-6154. – reference: Marshall, T., M. Stolzenburg, C. Maggio, L. Coleman, P. Krehbiel, T. Hamlin, R. Thomas, and W. Rison (2005), Observed electric fields associated with lightning initiation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(3), L03813, doi:10.1029/2004GL021802. – reference: Bazelyan, E. M., and Y. P. Raizer (1997), Spark Discharge, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. – reference: Tipler, P. A., and G. Mosca (2004), Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 5th ed., W. H. Freeman and Company, New York. – reference: Chum, J., G. Diendorfer, T. Šindelářovaá, J. Baše, and F. Hruška (2013), Infrasound pulses from lightning and electrostatic field changes: Observation and discussion, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 10,653-10,664. – reference: Few, A. (1985), The production of lightning-associated infrasonic acoustic sources in thunderclouds, J. Geophys. Res., 90(D4), 6175-6180. – reference: Qiu, S., B.-H. Zhou, and L.-H. Shi (2012), Synchronized observations of cloud-to-ground lightning using VHF broadband interferometer and acoustic arrays, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D19204, doi:10.1029/2012JD018542. – reference: Dessler, A. (1973), Infrasonic thunder, J. Geophys. Res., 78(12), 1889-1896. – reference: Marcillo, O., J. B. Johnson, and D. E. Hart (2012), Implementation, characterization, and evaluation of an inexpensive low-power low-noise infrasound sensor based on a micromachined differential pressure transducer and a mechanical filter, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 29(9), 1275-1284. – reference: Edens, H., K. Eack, W. Rison, and S. Hunyady (2014), Photographic observations of streamers and steps in a cloud-to-air negative leader, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41(4), 1336-1342, doi:10.1002/2013GL059180. – reference: Assink, J., L. Evers, I. Holleman, and H. Paulssen (2008), Characterization of infrasound from lightning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35(15), L15802, doi:10.1029/2008GL034193. – reference: Pasko, V. P. (2009), Mechanism of lightning-associated infrasonic pulses from thunderclouds, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08205, doi:10.1029/2008JD011145. – reference: Winn, W., G. Aulich, S. Hunyady, K. Eack, H. Edens, P. Krehbiel, W. Rison, and R. Sonnenfeld (2011), Lightning leader stepping, K changes, and other observations near an intracloud flash, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D23115, doi:10.1029/2011JD015998. – reference: da Silva, C. L., and V. P. Pasko (2014), Infrasonic acoustic waves generated by fast air heating in sprite cores, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41(5), 1789-1795, doi:10.1002/2013GL059164. – year: 2009 – volume: 41 start-page: 1789 issue: 5 year: 2014 end-page: 1795 article-title: Infrasonic acoustic waves generated by fast air heating in sprite cores publication-title: Geophys. Res. Lett. – volume: 116 year: 2011 article-title: Lightning leader stepping, K changes, and other observations near an intracloud flash publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. – volume: 84 start-page: 1735 issue: C4 year: 1979 end-page: 1745 article-title: Infrasonic signals from thunder publication-title: J. Geophys. Res. – volume: 109 start-page: D14207 year: 2004 article-title: Accuracy of the lightning mapping array publication-title: J. Geophys. 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| Snippet | Acoustic, VHF, and electrostatic measurements throw new light onto the origin and production mechanism of the thunder infrasound signature (<10 Hz) from... |
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| SubjectTerms | Acoustics atmospheric electricity Channels Compressing electrostatic interaction Electrostatics Infrasound infrasound pulses Lightning Rarefaction Signatures thunder |
| Title | Location and analysis of acoustic infrasound pulses in lightning |
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