Rapid determination of six urinary benzene metabolites in occupationally exposed and unexposed subjects
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for measurement of the main urinary metabolites of benzene, namely, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene (trihydroxybenzene), t, t-muconic acid (muconic acid), and S-phenylmercapturic acid (phenylmercapturic acid), is reported. The met...
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| Published in | Analytical biochemistry Vol. 327; no. 2; pp. 184 - 199 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Elsevier Inc
15.04.2004
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for measurement of the main urinary metabolites of benzene, namely, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene (trihydroxybenzene),
t,
t-muconic acid (muconic acid), and
S-phenylmercapturic acid (phenylmercapturic acid), is reported. The method is considerably simpler than existing assays. It was applied to urine from benzene-exposed subjects and controls from Shanghai, China. When subjects were divided into controls (
n=44), those exposed to ⩽31
ppm benzene (
n=21), and those exposed to >31
ppm benzene (
n=19), Spearman correlations with exposure category were ⩾0.728 (
p<0.0001) for all metabolites except trihydroxybenzene. When exposed subjects were compared on an individual basis, all metabolites, including trihydroxybenzene, were significantly correlated with benzene exposure (Pearson
r⩾0.472,
p⩽0.002) and with each other (Pearson
r⩾0.708,
p<0.0001). Ratios of individual metabolite levels to total metabolite levels provided evidence of competitive inhibition of CYP 2E1 enzymes leading to increased production of phenol, catechol, and phenylmercapturic acid at the expense of hydroquinone, trihydroxybenzene, and muconic acid. Since all metabolites were detected in all control subjects, the method can be applied to persons exposed to environmental levels of benzene. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for measurement of the main urinary metabolites of benzene, namely, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene (trihydroxybenzene),
t,
t-muconic acid (muconic acid), and
S-phenylmercapturic acid (phenylmercapturic acid), is reported. The method is considerably simpler than existing assays. It was applied to urine from benzene-exposed subjects and controls from Shanghai, China. When subjects were divided into controls (
n=44), those exposed to ⩽31
ppm benzene (
n=21), and those exposed to >31
ppm benzene (
n=19), Spearman correlations with exposure category were ⩾0.728 (
p<0.0001) for all metabolites except trihydroxybenzene. When exposed subjects were compared on an individual basis, all metabolites, including trihydroxybenzene, were significantly correlated with benzene exposure (Pearson
r⩾0.472,
p⩽0.002) and with each other (Pearson
r⩾0.708,
p<0.0001). Ratios of individual metabolite levels to total metabolite levels provided evidence of competitive inhibition of CYP 2E1 enzymes leading to increased production of phenol, catechol, and phenylmercapturic acid at the expense of hydroquinone, trihydroxybenzene, and muconic acid. Since all metabolites were detected in all control subjects, the method can be applied to persons exposed to environmental levels of benzene. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for measurement of the main urinary metabolites of benzene, namely, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene (trihydroxybenzene), t,t-muconic acid (muconic acid), and S-phenylmercapturic acid (phenylmercapturic acid), is reported. The method is considerably simpler than existing assays. It was applied to urine from benzene-exposed subjects and controls from Shanghai, China. When subjects were divided into controls (n = 44), those exposed to </= 31 ppm benzene (n = 21), and those exposed to > 31 ppm benzene (n = 19), Spearman correlations with exposure category were >/= 0.728 (p < 0.0001) for all metabolites except trihydroxybenzene. When exposed subjects were compared on an individual basis, all metabolites, including trihydroxybenzene, were significantly correlated with benzene exposure (Pearson r >/= 0.472, p </= 0.002) and with each other (Pearson r >/= 0.708, p < 0.0001). Ratios of individual metabolite levels to total metabolite levels provided evidence of competitive inhibition of CYP 2E1 enzymes leading to increased production of phenol, catechol, and phenylmercapturic acid at the expense of hydroquinone, trihydroxybenzene, and muconic acid. Since all metabolites were detected in all control subjects, the method can be applied to persons exposed to environmental levels of benzene. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for measurement of the main urinary metabolites of benzene, namely, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene (trihydroxybenzene), t,t-muconic acid (muconic acid), and S-phenylmercapturic acid (phenylmercapturic acid), is reported. The method is considerably simpler than existing assays. It was applied to urine from benzene-exposed subjects and controls from Shanghai, China. When subjects were divided into controls (n = 44), those exposed to </= 31 ppm benzene (n = 21), and those exposed to > 31 ppm benzene (n = 19), Spearman correlations with exposure category were >/= 0.728 (p < 0.0001) for all metabolites except trihydroxybenzene. When exposed subjects were compared on an individual basis, all metabolites, including trihydroxybenzene, were significantly correlated with benzene exposure (Pearson r >/= 0.472, p </= 0.002) and with each other (Pearson r >/= 0.708, p < 0.0001). Ratios of individual metabolite levels to total metabolite levels provided evidence of competitive inhibition of CYP 2E1 enzymes leading to increased production of phenol, catechol, and phenylmercapturic acid at the expense of hydroquinone, trihydroxybenzene, and muconic acid. Since all metabolites were detected in all control subjects, the method can be applied to persons exposed to environmental levels of benzene.A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for measurement of the main urinary metabolites of benzene, namely, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene (trihydroxybenzene), t,t-muconic acid (muconic acid), and S-phenylmercapturic acid (phenylmercapturic acid), is reported. The method is considerably simpler than existing assays. It was applied to urine from benzene-exposed subjects and controls from Shanghai, China. When subjects were divided into controls (n = 44), those exposed to </= 31 ppm benzene (n = 21), and those exposed to > 31 ppm benzene (n = 19), Spearman correlations with exposure category were >/= 0.728 (p < 0.0001) for all metabolites except trihydroxybenzene. When exposed subjects were compared on an individual basis, all metabolites, including trihydroxybenzene, were significantly correlated with benzene exposure (Pearson r >/= 0.472, p </= 0.002) and with each other (Pearson r >/= 0.708, p < 0.0001). Ratios of individual metabolite levels to total metabolite levels provided evidence of competitive inhibition of CYP 2E1 enzymes leading to increased production of phenol, catechol, and phenylmercapturic acid at the expense of hydroquinone, trihydroxybenzene, and muconic acid. Since all metabolites were detected in all control subjects, the method can be applied to persons exposed to environmental levels of benzene. |
| Author | Waidyanatha, Suramya Smith, Martyn T. Yin, Songnian Rothman, Nathaniel Li, Guilan Rappaport, Stephen M. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Suramya surname: Waidyanatha fullname: Waidyanatha, Suramya organization: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Nathaniel surname: Rothman fullname: Rothman, Nathaniel organization: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Guilan surname: Li fullname: Li, Guilan organization: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Beijing, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Martyn T. surname: Smith fullname: Smith, Martyn T. organization: School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Songnian surname: Yin fullname: Yin, Songnian organization: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Beijing, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Stephen M. surname: Rappaport fullname: Rappaport, Stephen M. email: smr@unc.edu organization: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15051535$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| SubjectTerms | Air Pollutants - metabolism Air Pollutants - urine Benzene - metabolism Benzene Derivatives - chemistry Benzene Derivatives - urine Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - methods Humans Industry Molecular Structure Occupational Exposure |
| Title | Rapid determination of six urinary benzene metabolites in occupationally exposed and unexposed subjects |
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