A Cell’s Fate: An Overview of the Molecular Biology and Genetics of Apoptosis

Apoptosis is one of the main types of regulated cell death, a complex process that can be triggered by external or internal stimuli, which activate the extrinsic or the intrinsic pathway, respectively. Among various factors involved in apoptosis, several genes and their interactive networks are cruc...

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Published inInternational journal of molecular sciences Vol. 20; no. 17; p. 4133
Main Authors Cavalcante, Giovanna C., Schaan, Ana Paula, Cabral, Gleyce Fonseca, Santana-da-Silva, Mayara Natália, Pinto, Pablo, Vidal, Amanda F., Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Ândrea
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 24.08.2019
MDPI
Subjects
Adapter proteins
Animals
Apoptosis
Biomarkers
Cell Physiological Phenomena
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
DNA damage
Epigenesis, Genetic
Gene Expression Regulation
Humans
Kinases
Ligands
Mitochondria - genetics
Mitochondria - metabolism
Molecular Biology
Receptors, Death Domain - genetics
Receptors, Death Domain - metabolism
Review
Signal Transduction
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
regulated cell death
apoptosis
genetics
miRNAs
mitochondria
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI10.3390/ijms20174133

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Abstract Apoptosis is one of the main types of regulated cell death, a complex process that can be triggered by external or internal stimuli, which activate the extrinsic or the intrinsic pathway, respectively. Among various factors involved in apoptosis, several genes and their interactive networks are crucial regulators of the outcomes of each apoptotic phase. Furthermore, mitochondria are key players in determining the way by which cells will react to internal stress stimuli, thus being the main contributor of the intrinsic pathway, in addition to providing energy for the whole process. Other factors that have been reported as important players of this intricate molecular network are miRNAs, which regulate the genes involved in the apoptotic process. Imbalance in any of these mechanisms can lead to the development of several illnesses, hence, an overall understanding of these processes is essential for the comprehension of such situations. Although apoptosis has been widely studied, the current literature lacks an updated and more general overview on this subject. Therefore, here, we review and discuss the mechanisms of apoptosis, highlighting the roles of genes, miRNAs, and mitochondria involved in this type of cell death.
AbstractList Introduction The mechanisms underlying cell death and survival have a great impact on maintaining cellular balance, such that their deregulation may lead to the development of various diseases, such as multiple types of cancer and neurodegenerative disorders [1,2]. PIDDosome has been suggested to be involved in p53-mediated apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress and DNA damage, but recently it has been associated to other non-apoptotic roles, such as centrosome surveillance during cellular differentiation [19]. There are eight types of death receptors (DR1–DR8), which can be divided in two groups according to the adapter protein [26,27]: (i) The first group includes the receptors Fas (DR2) TRAILR1 (DR4) and TRAILR2 (DR5), which can be activated by Fas ligand (FasL) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), respectively. The TNFR1 receptor recruits the TNFR1-associated death-domain protein, which serves as a platform to recruit different signaling molecules: (i) FADD, which functions as a mediator of the activation of apoptosis through the activation of CASP8, and (ii) TRAF2 (in the TRAF2/cIAP complex) and RIP, eventually leading to the activation of NF-κB and JNK/AP-1 (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase/Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit), which possess anti-apoptotic activity [21].
Apoptosis is one of the main types of regulated cell death, a complex process that can be triggered by external or internal stimuli, which activate the extrinsic or the intrinsic pathway, respectively. Among various factors involved in apoptosis, several genes and their interactive networks are crucial regulators of the outcomes of each apoptotic phase. Furthermore, mitochondria are key players in determining the way by which cells will react to internal stress stimuli, thus being the main contributor of the intrinsic pathway, in addition to providing energy for the whole process. Other factors that have been reported as important players of this intricate molecular network are miRNAs, which regulate the genes involved in the apoptotic process. Imbalance in any of these mechanisms can lead to the development of several illnesses, hence, an overall understanding of these processes is essential for the comprehension of such situations. Although apoptosis has been widely studied, the current literature lacks an updated and more general overview on this subject. Therefore, here, we review and discuss the mechanisms of apoptosis, highlighting the roles of genes, miRNAs, and mitochondria involved in this type of cell death.Apoptosis is one of the main types of regulated cell death, a complex process that can be triggered by external or internal stimuli, which activate the extrinsic or the intrinsic pathway, respectively. Among various factors involved in apoptosis, several genes and their interactive networks are crucial regulators of the outcomes of each apoptotic phase. Furthermore, mitochondria are key players in determining the way by which cells will react to internal stress stimuli, thus being the main contributor of the intrinsic pathway, in addition to providing energy for the whole process. Other factors that have been reported as important players of this intricate molecular network are miRNAs, which regulate the genes involved in the apoptotic process. Imbalance in any of these mechanisms can lead to the development of several illnesses, hence, an overall understanding of these processes is essential for the comprehension of such situations. Although apoptosis has been widely studied, the current literature lacks an updated and more general overview on this subject. Therefore, here, we review and discuss the mechanisms of apoptosis, highlighting the roles of genes, miRNAs, and mitochondria involved in this type of cell death.
Apoptosis is one of the main types of regulated cell death, a complex process that can be triggered by external or internal stimuli, which activate the extrinsic or the intrinsic pathway, respectively. Among various factors involved in apoptosis, several genes and their interactive networks are crucial regulators of the outcomes of each apoptotic phase. Furthermore, mitochondria are key players in determining the way by which cells will react to internal stress stimuli, thus being the main contributor of the intrinsic pathway, in addition to providing energy for the whole process. Other factors that have been reported as important players of this intricate molecular network are miRNAs, which regulate the genes involved in the apoptotic process. Imbalance in any of these mechanisms can lead to the development of several illnesses, hence, an overall understanding of these processes is essential for the comprehension of such situations. Although apoptosis has been widely studied, the current literature lacks an updated and more general overview on this subject. Therefore, here, we review and discuss the mechanisms of apoptosis, highlighting the roles of genes, miRNAs, and mitochondria involved in this type of cell death.
Author Cabral, Gleyce Fonseca
Santana-da-Silva, Mayara Natália
Cavalcante, Giovanna C.
Pinto, Pablo
Vidal, Amanda F.
Schaan, Ana Paula
Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Ândrea
AuthorAffiliation 2 Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
1 Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
– name: 2 Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Giovanna C.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9814-4819
  surname: Cavalcante
  fullname: Cavalcante, Giovanna C.
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Ana Paula
  surname: Schaan
  fullname: Schaan, Ana Paula
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Gleyce Fonseca
  surname: Cabral
  fullname: Cabral, Gleyce Fonseca
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Mayara Natália
  surname: Santana-da-Silva
  fullname: Santana-da-Silva, Mayara Natália
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Pablo
  surname: Pinto
  fullname: Pinto, Pablo
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Amanda F.
  surname: Vidal
  fullname: Vidal, Amanda F.
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Ândrea
  orcidid: 0000-0001-7001-1483
  surname: Ribeiro-dos-Santos
  fullname: Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Ândrea
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31450613$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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miRNAs
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Snippet Apoptosis is one of the main types of regulated cell death, a complex process that can be triggered by external or internal stimuli, which activate the...
Introduction The mechanisms underlying cell death and survival have a great impact on maintaining cellular balance, such that their deregulation may lead to...
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StartPage 4133
SubjectTerms Adapter proteins
Animals
Apoptosis
Biomarkers
Cell Physiological Phenomena
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
DNA damage
Epigenesis, Genetic
Gene Expression Regulation
Humans
Kinases
Ligands
Mitochondria - genetics
Mitochondria - metabolism
Molecular Biology
Receptors, Death Domain - genetics
Receptors, Death Domain - metabolism
Review
Signal Transduction
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
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Title A Cell’s Fate: An Overview of the Molecular Biology and Genetics of Apoptosis
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