New Small Molecule Drugs for Thrombocytopenia: Chemical, Pharmacological, and Therapeutic Use Considerations

This review provides details about three small molecules that were recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of thrombocytopenia. The new treatments include lusutrombopag, avatrombopag, and fostamatinib. The first two drugs are orally active thrombopoietin receptor (TPO-R) agonists which are FD...

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Published inInternational journal of molecular sciences Vol. 20; no. 12; p. 3013
Main Authors Clemons Bankston, Page, Al-Horani, Rami A.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 20.06.2019
MDPI
Subjects
Animals
Autoimmune diseases
Blood
Blood platelets
Bone marrow
Cinnamates - chemistry
Cinnamates - pharmacology
Cinnamates - therapeutic use
Cytokines
Drug Development
Drugs
Humans
Immunoglobulins
Infections
Kinases
Ligands
Molecular weight
Oxazines - chemistry
Oxazines - pharmacology
Oxazines - therapeutic use
Peptides
Physiology
Proteins
Pyridines - chemistry
Pyridines - pharmacology
Pyridines - therapeutic use
Receptors, Thrombopoietin - agonists
Receptors, Thrombopoietin - metabolism
Review
Rheumatoid arthritis
Signal transduction
Small Molecule Libraries - chemistry
Small Molecule Libraries - pharmacology
Small Molecule Libraries - therapeutic use
Spleen
Stem cells
Syk Kinase - antagonists & inhibitors
Syk Kinase - metabolism
Thiazoles - chemistry
Thiazoles - pharmacology
Thiazoles - therapeutic use
Thiophenes - chemistry
Thiophenes - pharmacology
Thiophenes - therapeutic use
Thrombocytopenia - drug therapy
Thrombocytopenia - metabolism
Viral infections
avatrombopag
fostamatinib
lusutrombopag
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Abstract This review provides details about three small molecules that were recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of thrombocytopenia. The new treatments include lusutrombopag, avatrombopag, and fostamatinib. The first two drugs are orally active thrombopoietin receptor (TPO-R) agonists which are FDA-approved for the treatment of thrombocytopenia in adult patients with chronic liver disease who are scheduled to undergo a procedure. Fostamatinib is orally active prodrug that, after activation, becomes spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor. Fostamatinib is currently used to treat chronic and refractory immune thrombocytopenia in patients who have had insufficient response to previous treatment. Chemical structures, available dosage forms, recommended dosing, pharmacokinetics, results of toxicity studies in animals, most frequent adverse effects, significant outcomes of the corresponding clinical trials, and their use in specific patient populations are thoroughly described. Described also is a comparative summary of the different aspects of five currently available therapies targeting TPO-R or SYK for the treatment of thrombocytopenia.
AbstractList This review provides details about three small molecules that were recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of thrombocytopenia. The new treatments include lusutrombopag, avatrombopag, and fostamatinib. The first two drugs are orally active thrombopoietin receptor (TPO-R) agonists which are FDA-approved for the treatment of thrombocytopenia in adult patients with chronic liver disease who are scheduled to undergo a procedure. Fostamatinib is orally active prodrug that, after activation, becomes spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor. Fostamatinib is currently used to treat chronic and refractory immune thrombocytopenia in patients who have had insufficient response to previous treatment. Chemical structures, available dosage forms, recommended dosing, pharmacokinetics, results of toxicity studies in animals, most frequent adverse effects, significant outcomes of the corresponding clinical trials, and their use in specific patient populations are thoroughly described. Described also is a comparative summary of the different aspects of five currently available therapies targeting TPO-R or SYK for the treatment of thrombocytopenia.
The aggregated platelets along with fibrin and red blood cells form the blood clot. [...]when the platelet count falls below about 50 × 103 cells/µL, the blood loses its ability to adequately clot and bleeding may occur even after minor injury. TPO is produced primarily in the liver and binds to and activates a specific thrombopoietin receptor (TPO-R) on the membrane of platelets, megakaryocytes, hemangioblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells [10,11]. [...]the receptor is important for the regulation of platelet production as well as the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells. Yet, the two trials were terminated and the development of the two treatments was stopped because some healthy subjects developed thrombocytopenia due to the formation of antibodies that cross-reacted with endogenous TPO. [...]the development of 2nd generation thrombopoietic agents has focused on minimizing structural similarities with TPO. [...]SYK inhibitors are being developed to treat allergic disorders as well as antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases such as allergic rhinitis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, cancer, diabetes type I, and immune thrombocytopenia among others.
This review provides details about three small molecules that were recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of thrombocytopenia. The new treatments include lusutrombopag, avatrombopag, and fostamatinib. The first two drugs are orally active thrombopoietin receptor (TPO-R) agonists which are FDA-approved for the treatment of thrombocytopenia in adult patients with chronic liver disease who are scheduled to undergo a procedure. Fostamatinib is orally active prodrug that, after activation, becomes spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor. Fostamatinib is currently used to treat chronic and refractory immune thrombocytopenia in patients who have had insufficient response to previous treatment. Chemical structures, available dosage forms, recommended dosing, pharmacokinetics, results of toxicity studies in animals, most frequent adverse effects, significant outcomes of the corresponding clinical trials, and their use in specific patient populations are thoroughly described. Described also is a comparative summary of the different aspects of five currently available therapies targeting TPO-R or SYK for the treatment of thrombocytopenia.This review provides details about three small molecules that were recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of thrombocytopenia. The new treatments include lusutrombopag, avatrombopag, and fostamatinib. The first two drugs are orally active thrombopoietin receptor (TPO-R) agonists which are FDA-approved for the treatment of thrombocytopenia in adult patients with chronic liver disease who are scheduled to undergo a procedure. Fostamatinib is orally active prodrug that, after activation, becomes spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor. Fostamatinib is currently used to treat chronic and refractory immune thrombocytopenia in patients who have had insufficient response to previous treatment. Chemical structures, available dosage forms, recommended dosing, pharmacokinetics, results of toxicity studies in animals, most frequent adverse effects, significant outcomes of the corresponding clinical trials, and their use in specific patient populations are thoroughly described. Described also is a comparative summary of the different aspects of five currently available therapies targeting TPO-R or SYK for the treatment of thrombocytopenia.
Author Clemons Bankston, Page
Al-Horani, Rami A.
AuthorAffiliation Division of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; pclemons@xula.edu
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Keywords avatrombopag
fostamatinib
lusutrombopag
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Snippet This review provides details about three small molecules that were recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of thrombocytopenia. The new treatments...
The aggregated platelets along with fibrin and red blood cells form the blood clot. [...]when the platelet count falls below about 50 × 103 cells/µL, the blood...
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SubjectTerms Animals
Autoimmune diseases
Blood
Blood platelets
Bone marrow
Cinnamates - chemistry
Cinnamates - pharmacology
Cinnamates - therapeutic use
Cytokines
Drug Development
Drugs
Humans
Immunoglobulins
Infections
Kinases
Ligands
Molecular weight
Oxazines - chemistry
Oxazines - pharmacology
Oxazines - therapeutic use
Peptides
Physiology
Proteins
Pyridines - chemistry
Pyridines - pharmacology
Pyridines - therapeutic use
Receptors, Thrombopoietin - agonists
Receptors, Thrombopoietin - metabolism
Review
Rheumatoid arthritis
Signal transduction
Small Molecule Libraries - chemistry
Small Molecule Libraries - pharmacology
Small Molecule Libraries - therapeutic use
Spleen
Stem cells
Syk Kinase - antagonists & inhibitors
Syk Kinase - metabolism
Thiazoles - chemistry
Thiazoles - pharmacology
Thiazoles - therapeutic use
Thiophenes - chemistry
Thiophenes - pharmacology
Thiophenes - therapeutic use
Thrombocytopenia - drug therapy
Thrombocytopenia - metabolism
Viral infections
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Title New Small Molecule Drugs for Thrombocytopenia: Chemical, Pharmacological, and Therapeutic Use Considerations
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31226783
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