A Review of the Common Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Therapeutic Approaches and the Potential Role of Nanotherapeutics

Neurodegenerative disorders are primarily characterized by neuron loss. The most common neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Although there are several medicines currently approved for managing neurodegenerative disorders, a large majority of them only help with a...

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Published inInternational journal of molecular sciences Vol. 23; no. 3; p. 1851
Main Authors Lamptey, Richard N. L., Chaulagain, Bivek, Trivedi, Riddhi, Gothwal, Avinash, Layek, Buddhadev, Singh, Jagdish
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 06.02.2022
MDPI
Subjects
Alzheimer's disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Blood-Brain Barrier - pathology
Brain - pathology
Drug Delivery Systems
Early Diagnosis
Humans
Nanoparticles - administration & dosage
Neurodegeneration
Neurodegenerative Diseases - diagnosis
Neurodegenerative Diseases - drug therapy
Parkinson's disease
Review
Theranostic Nanomedicine
blood–brain barrier
Alzheimer’s disease
neurogenesis
nanoparticle
neurodegenerative disorder
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Parkinson’s disease
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Abstract Neurodegenerative disorders are primarily characterized by neuron loss. The most common neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Although there are several medicines currently approved for managing neurodegenerative disorders, a large majority of them only help with associated symptoms. This lack of pathogenesis-targeting therapies is primarily due to the restrictive effects of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which keeps close to 99% of all “foreign substances” out of the brain. Since their discovery, nanoparticles have been successfully used for targeted delivery into many organs, including the brain. This review briefly describes the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and their current management approaches. We then highlight the major challenges of brain-drug delivery, followed by the role of nanotherapeutics for the diagnosis and treatment of various neurological disorders.
AbstractList Neurodegenerative disorders are primarily characterized by neuron loss. The most common neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Although there are several medicines currently approved for managing neurodegenerative disorders, a large majority of them only help with associated symptoms. This lack of pathogenesis-targeting therapies is primarily due to the restrictive effects of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which keeps close to 99% of all "foreign substances" out of the brain. Since their discovery, nanoparticles have been successfully used for targeted delivery into many organs, including the brain. This review briefly describes the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and their current management approaches. We then highlight the major challenges of brain-drug delivery, followed by the role of nanotherapeutics for the diagnosis and treatment of various neurological disorders.
Neurodegenerative disorders are primarily characterized by neuron loss. The most common neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Although there are several medicines currently approved for managing neurodegenerative disorders, a large majority of them only help with associated symptoms. This lack of pathogenesis-targeting therapies is primarily due to the restrictive effects of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which keeps close to 99% of all "foreign substances" out of the brain. Since their discovery, nanoparticles have been successfully used for targeted delivery into many organs, including the brain. This review briefly describes the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and their current management approaches. We then highlight the major challenges of brain-drug delivery, followed by the role of nanotherapeutics for the diagnosis and treatment of various neurological disorders.Neurodegenerative disorders are primarily characterized by neuron loss. The most common neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Although there are several medicines currently approved for managing neurodegenerative disorders, a large majority of them only help with associated symptoms. This lack of pathogenesis-targeting therapies is primarily due to the restrictive effects of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which keeps close to 99% of all "foreign substances" out of the brain. Since their discovery, nanoparticles have been successfully used for targeted delivery into many organs, including the brain. This review briefly describes the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and their current management approaches. We then highlight the major challenges of brain-drug delivery, followed by the role of nanotherapeutics for the diagnosis and treatment of various neurological disorders.
Author Lamptey, Richard N. L.
Chaulagain, Bivek
Trivedi, Riddhi
Layek, Buddhadev
Singh, Jagdish
Gothwal, Avinash
AuthorAffiliation Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA; richard.lamptey@ndsu.edu (R.N.L.L.); bivek.chaulagain@ndus.edu (B.C.); riddhi.trivedi@ndsu.edu (R.T.); avinash.gothwal@ndus.edu (A.G.)
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA; richard.lamptey@ndsu.edu (R.N.L.L.); bivek.chaulagain@ndus.edu (B.C.); riddhi.trivedi@ndsu.edu (R.T.); avinash.gothwal@ndus.edu (A.G.)
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  givenname: Richard N. L.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-9659-9083
  surname: Lamptey
  fullname: Lamptey, Richard N. L.
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Bivek
  surname: Chaulagain
  fullname: Chaulagain, Bivek
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-2457-7619
  surname: Layek
  fullname: Layek, Buddhadev
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  surname: Singh
  fullname: Singh, Jagdish
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35163773$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords blood–brain barrier
Alzheimer’s disease
neurogenesis
nanoparticle
neurodegenerative disorder
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Parkinson’s disease
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Snippet Neurodegenerative disorders are primarily characterized by neuron loss. The most common neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s...
Neurodegenerative disorders are primarily characterized by neuron loss. The most common neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer's and Parkinson's...
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StartPage 1851
SubjectTerms Alzheimer's disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Blood-Brain Barrier - pathology
Brain - pathology
Drug Delivery Systems
Early Diagnosis
Humans
Nanoparticles - administration & dosage
Neurodegeneration
Neurodegenerative Diseases - diagnosis
Neurodegenerative Diseases - drug therapy
Parkinson's disease
Review
Theranostic Nanomedicine
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Title A Review of the Common Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Therapeutic Approaches and the Potential Role of Nanotherapeutics
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