Bauxite residue issues: II. options for residue utilization
Worldwide bauxite residue disposal areas contain an estimated 2.7 billion tonnes of residue, increasing by approximately 120 million tonnes per annum. The question of what to do with bauxite residue arose with the development of the Bayer process for alumina refining and the recognition that it gene...
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| Published in | Hydrometallurgy Vol. 108; no. 1; pp. 11 - 32 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Amsterdam
Elsevier B.V
01.06.2011
Elsevier |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Worldwide bauxite residue disposal areas contain an estimated 2.7
billion
tonnes of residue, increasing by approximately 120
million
tonnes
per
annum. The question of what to do with bauxite residue arose with the development of the Bayer process for alumina refining and the recognition that it generated a large amount of waste material. In the subsequent 120
years, residues have been primarily disposed into long-term storage, with a wide range of industry practice depending on local circumstances. Ideally this residue would be utilized as an industrial by-product for other applications, leading to a zero waste situation. Despite over 50
years of research and hundreds of publications and patents on the subject, little evidence exists of any significant utilization of bauxite residue. In this review of public domain information the reasons are examined, future opportunities are identified, and a way forward is proposed. All avenues of residue “re-use” (or more appropriately “use”) are considered, but emphasis is on the few highest volume uses of lowest risk. Utilization is defined as taking the residue in some non-hazardous form (as a by-product) from the alumina refinery site and then using it as feedstock for another distinct application. Although residues from different bauxites have generic similarities, their specific make-up and residue location can influence their suitability for a given type of use. There are four primary reasons for inaction on residue use: volume, performance, cost and risk, with the last two probably being paramount. In terms of cost there are better options for raw material input from virgin sources (lower cost for better grades) that do not come with the same perceived risks as bauxite residue. The risks are composition based (technical and community perception) and relate to: soda, alkalinity, heavy metals and low levels of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). Amongst the outcomes of this review are priority research recommendations to address the knowledge gaps identified that, amongst other factors, are impeding the implementation of residue use. This is the second in a series of four related reviews examining bauxite residue issues in detail.
►Review of options for utilization of bauxite residue. ►Over 50
years of research, hundreds of patents, no significant utilization. ►Four primary reasons for inaction on residue use: volume, performance, cost and risk. ►Zero waste out-come from value recovery very unlikely. ►Series of priority research recommendations made. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Worldwide bauxite residue disposal areas contain an estimated 2.7billiontonnes of residue, increasing by approximately 120milliontonnesperannum. The question of what to do with bauxite residue arose with the development of the Bayer process for alumina refining and the recognition that it generated a large amount of waste material. In the subsequent 120years, residues have been primarily disposed into long-term storage, with a wide range of industry practice depending on local circumstances. Ideally this residue would be utilized as an industrial by-product for other applications, leading to a zero waste situation. Despite over 50years of research and hundreds of publications and patents on the subject, little evidence exists of any significant utilization of bauxite residue. In this review of public domain information the reasons are examined, future opportunities are identified, and a way forward is proposed. All avenues of residue "re-use" (or more appropriately "use") are considered, but emphasis is on the few highest volume uses of lowest risk. Utilization is defined as taking the residue in some non-hazardous form (as a by-product) from the alumina refinery site and then using it as feedstock for another distinct application. Although residues from different bauxites have generic similarities, their specific make-up and residue location can influence their suitability for a given type of use. There are four primary reasons for inaction on residue use: volume, performance, cost and risk, with the last two probably being paramount. In terms of cost there are better options for raw material input from virgin sources (lower cost for better grades) that do not come with the same perceived risks as bauxite residue. The risks are composition based (technical and community perception) and relate to: soda, alkalinity, heavy metals and low levels of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). Amongst the outcomes of this review are priority research recommendations to address the knowledge gaps identified that, amongst other factors, are impeding the implementation of residue use. This is the second in a series of four related reviews examining bauxite residue issues in detail. Worldwide bauxite residue disposal areas contain an estimated 2.7 billion tonnes of residue, increasing by approximately 120 million tonnes per annum. The question of what to do with bauxite residue arose with the development of the Bayer process for alumina refining and the recognition that it generated a large amount of waste material. In the subsequent 120 years, residues have been primarily disposed into long-term storage, with a wide range of industry practice depending on local circumstances. Ideally this residue would be utilized as an industrial by-product for other applications, leading to a zero waste situation. Despite over 50 years of research and hundreds of publications and patents on the subject, little evidence exists of any significant utilization of bauxite residue. In this review of public domain information the reasons are examined, future opportunities are identified, and a way forward is proposed. All avenues of residue “re-use” (or more appropriately “use”) are considered, but emphasis is on the few highest volume uses of lowest risk. Utilization is defined as taking the residue in some non-hazardous form (as a by-product) from the alumina refinery site and then using it as feedstock for another distinct application. Although residues from different bauxites have generic similarities, their specific make-up and residue location can influence their suitability for a given type of use. There are four primary reasons for inaction on residue use: volume, performance, cost and risk, with the last two probably being paramount. In terms of cost there are better options for raw material input from virgin sources (lower cost for better grades) that do not come with the same perceived risks as bauxite residue. The risks are composition based (technical and community perception) and relate to: soda, alkalinity, heavy metals and low levels of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). Amongst the outcomes of this review are priority research recommendations to address the knowledge gaps identified that, amongst other factors, are impeding the implementation of residue use. This is the second in a series of four related reviews examining bauxite residue issues in detail. ►Review of options for utilization of bauxite residue. ►Over 50 years of research, hundreds of patents, no significant utilization. ►Four primary reasons for inaction on residue use: volume, performance, cost and risk. ►Zero waste out-come from value recovery very unlikely. ►Series of priority research recommendations made. |
| Author | Gräfe, M. Klauber, C. Power, G. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: C. surname: Klauber fullname: Klauber, C. email: craig.klauber@csiro.au – sequence: 2 givenname: M. surname: Gräfe fullname: Gräfe, M. – sequence: 3 givenname: G. surname: Power fullname: Power, G. |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=24206666$$DView record in Pascal Francis |
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| CODEN | HYDRDA |
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| Keywords | Red sand Bauxite residue Waste utilization Geopolymer Red mud Cement Soil amendment Effluent treatment Metal recovery Aggregate Material recovery Bauxite Hydrometallurgy |
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| Snippet | Worldwide bauxite residue disposal areas contain an estimated 2.7
billion
tonnes of residue, increasing by approximately 120
million
tonnes
per
annum. The... Worldwide bauxite residue disposal areas contain an estimated 2.7billiontonnes of residue, increasing by approximately 120milliontonnesperannum. The question... |
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| SubjectTerms | Aggregate Aluminum base alloys Applied sciences Bauxite Bauxite residue Bayer process Byproducts Cement Effluent treatment Exact sciences and technology Geopolymer Metal recovery Metals. Metallurgy Production of metals Red mud Red sand Residues Risk Soil amendment Utilization Waste utilization Wastes |
| Title | Bauxite residue issues: II. options for residue utilization |
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