Season and dominant species effects on plant trait-ecosystem function relationships in intensively grazed grassland
1. Grazed pasture managers are increasingly being asked to enhance productivity while simultaneously reducing environmental impacts. Using plant traits to design plant communities that optimise ecosystem functions (e.g. productivity, nitrogen retention) may help achieve this. However, trait-function...
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| Published in | The Journal of applied ecology Vol. 55; no. 1; pp. 236 - 245 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford
John Wiley & Sons Ltd
01.01.2018
Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0021-8901 1365-2664 |
| DOI | 10.1111/1365-2664.12939 |
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| Abstract | 1. Grazed pasture managers are increasingly being asked to enhance productivity while simultaneously reducing environmental impacts. Using plant traits to design plant communities that optimise ecosystem functions (e.g. productivity, nitrogen retention) may help achieve this. However, trait-function relationships in intensively grazed systems are largely untested. 2. We used a forage diversity experiment, intensively grazed by cows (i.e. 10-12 times per year), to test whether community leaf and root traits were consistent predictors of ecosystem functioning across seasons and dominant species identities. Diversity treatments consisted of adding further species to either a Lolium perenne-Trifolium repens or a Festuca arundinacea-T. repens base mixture. 3. Plant traits were better predictors of functioning in systems dominated by L. perenne than by F. arundinacea. Above-ground productivity, root biomass and soil nitrate concentrations were related to traits in all seasons, but the ability of traits to predict carbon cycling measures, and to a lesser extent, net N mineralisation rates, varied strongly across seasons. 4. Leaf traits were better predictors of functioning than root traits. Despite limited trait breadth, leaf functional trait diversity was correlated with most ecosystem functions in at least one season, but effects were sometimes negative. Trait-function relationships were not always in the expected direction. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that manipulating plant community traits has potential to improve some ecosystem functions for some seasons in intensively grazed systems. However, the variable nature of the trait-function relationships found suggests that a deeper understanding of why and when traits relate to ecosystem functioning is required before managers can be confident that using a trait-based approach will consistently improve outcomes. |
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| AbstractList | Grazed pasture managers are increasingly being asked to enhance productivity while simultaneously reducing environmental impacts. Using plant traits to design plant communities that optimise ecosystem functions (e.g. productivity, nitrogen retention) may help achieve this. However, trait-function relationships in intensively grazed systems are largely untested. We used a forage diversity experiment, intensively grazed by cows (i.e. 10-12 times per year), to test whether community leaf and root traits were consistent predictors of ecosystem functioning across seasons and dominant species identities. Diversity treatments consisted of adding further species to either a Lolium perenne-Trifolium repens or a Festuca arundinacea-T. repens base mixture. Plant traits were better predictors of functioning in systems dominated by L. perenne than by F. arundinacea. Above-ground productivity, root biomass and soil nitrate concentrations were related to traits in all seasons, but the ability of traits to predict carbon cycling measures, and to a lesser extent, net N mineralisation rates, varied strongly across seasons. Leaf traits were better predictors of functioning than root traits. Despite limited trait breadth, leaf functional trait diversity was correlated with most ecosystem functions in at least one season, but effects were sometimes negative. Trait-function relationships were not always in the expected direction. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that manipulating plant community traits has potential to improve some ecosystem functions for some seasons in intensively grazed systems. However, the variable nature of the trait-function relationships found suggests that a deeper understanding of why and when traits relate to ecosystem functioning is required before managers can be confident that using a trait-based approach will consistently improve outcomes. Our results indicate that manipulating plant community traits has potential to improve some ecosystem functions for some seasons in intensively grazed systems. However, the variable nature of the trait-function relationships found suggests that a deeper understanding of why and when traits relate to ecosystem functioning is required before managers can be confident that using a trait-based approach will consistently improve outcomes. 1. Grazed pasture managers are increasingly being asked to enhance productivity while simultaneously reducing environmental impacts. Using plant traits to design plant communities that optimise ecosystem functions (e.g. productivity, nitrogen retention) may help achieve this. However, trait-function relationships in intensively grazed systems are largely untested. 2. We used a forage diversity experiment, intensively grazed by cows (i.e. 10-12 times per year), to test whether community leaf and root traits were consistent predictors of ecosystem functioning across seasons and dominant species identities. Diversity treatments consisted of adding further species to either a Lolium perenne-Trifolium repens or a Festuca arundinacea-T. repens base mixture. 3. Plant traits were better predictors of functioning in systems dominated by L. perenne than by F. arundinacea. Above-ground productivity, root biomass and soil nitrate concentrations were related to traits in all seasons, but the ability of traits to predict carbon cycling measures, and to a lesser extent, net N mineralisation rates, varied strongly across seasons. 4. Leaf traits were better predictors of functioning than root traits. Despite limited trait breadth, leaf functional trait diversity was correlated with most ecosystem functions in at least one season, but effects were sometimes negative. Trait-function relationships were not always in the expected direction. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that manipulating plant community traits has potential to improve some ecosystem functions for some seasons in intensively grazed systems. However, the variable nature of the trait-function relationships found suggests that a deeper understanding of why and when traits relate to ecosystem functioning is required before managers can be confident that using a trait-based approach will consistently improve outcomes. Grazed pasture managers are increasingly being asked to enhance productivity while simultaneously reducing environmental impacts. Using plant traits to design plant communities that optimise ecosystem functions (e.g. productivity, nitrogen retention) may help achieve this. However, trait–function relationships in intensively grazed systems are largely untested. We used a forage diversity experiment, intensively grazed by cows (i.e. 10–12 times per year), to test whether community leaf and root traits were consistent predictors of ecosystem functioning across seasons and dominant species identities. Diversity treatments consisted of adding further species to either a Lolium perenne–Trifolium repens or a Festuca arundinacea–T. repens base mixture. Plant traits were better predictors of functioning in systems dominated by L. perenne than by F. arundinacea. Above‐ground productivity, root biomass and soil nitrate concentrations were related to traits in all seasons, but the ability of traits to predict carbon cycling measures, and to a lesser extent, net N mineralisation rates, varied strongly across seasons. Leaf traits were better predictors of functioning than root traits. Despite limited trait breadth, leaf functional trait diversity was correlated with most ecosystem functions in at least one season, but effects were sometimes negative. Trait–function relationships were not always in the expected direction. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that manipulating plant community traits has potential to improve some ecosystem functions for some seasons in intensively grazed systems. However, the variable nature of the trait–function relationships found suggests that a deeper understanding of why and when traits relate to ecosystem functioning is required before managers can be confident that using a trait‐based approach will consistently improve outcomes. Our results indicate that manipulating plant community traits has potential to improve some ecosystem functions for some seasons in intensively grazed systems. However, the variable nature of the trait–function relationships found suggests that a deeper understanding of why and when traits relate to ecosystem functioning is required before managers can be confident that using a trait‐based approach will consistently improve outcomes. Grazed pasture managers are increasingly being asked to enhance productivity while simultaneously reducing environmental impacts. Using plant traits to design plant communities that optimise ecosystem functions (e.g. productivity, nitrogen retention) may help achieve this. However, trait–function relationships in intensively grazed systems are largely untested. We used a forage diversity experiment, intensively grazed by cows (i.e. 10–12 times per year), to test whether community leaf and root traits were consistent predictors of ecosystem functioning across seasons and dominant species identities. Diversity treatments consisted of adding further species to either a Lolium perenne–Trifolium repens or a Festuca arundinacea–T. repens base mixture. Plant traits were better predictors of functioning in systems dominated by L. perenne than by F. arundinacea . Above‐ground productivity, root biomass and soil nitrate concentrations were related to traits in all seasons, but the ability of traits to predict carbon cycling measures, and to a lesser extent, net N mineralisation rates, varied strongly across seasons. Leaf traits were better predictors of functioning than root traits. Despite limited trait breadth, leaf functional trait diversity was correlated with most ecosystem functions in at least one season, but effects were sometimes negative. Trait–function relationships were not always in the expected direction. Synthesis and applications . Our results indicate that manipulating plant community traits has potential to improve some ecosystem functions for some seasons in intensively grazed systems. However, the variable nature of the trait–function relationships found suggests that a deeper understanding of why and when traits relate to ecosystem functioning is required before managers can be confident that using a trait‐based approach will consistently improve outcomes. Our results indicate that manipulating plant community traits has potential to improve some ecosystem functions for some seasons in intensively grazed systems. However, the variable nature of the trait–function relationships found suggests that a deeper understanding of why and when traits relate to ecosystem functioning is required before managers can be confident that using a trait‐based approach will consistently improve outcomes. Grazed pasture managers are increasingly being asked to enhance productivity while simultaneously reducing environmental impacts. Using plant traits to design plant communities that optimise ecosystem functions (e.g. productivity, nitrogen retention) may help achieve this. However, trait–function relationships in intensively grazed systems are largely untested. We used a forage diversity experiment, intensively grazed by cows (i.e. 10–12 times per year), to test whether community leaf and root traits were consistent predictors of ecosystem functioning across seasons and dominant species identities. Diversity treatments consisted of adding further species to either a Lolium perenne–Trifolium repens or a Festuca arundinacea–T. repens base mixture. Plant traits were better predictors of functioning in systems dominated by L. perenne than by F. arundinacea. Above‐ground productivity, root biomass and soil nitrate concentrations were related to traits in all seasons, but the ability of traits to predict carbon cycling measures, and to a lesser extent, net N mineralisation rates, varied strongly across seasons. Leaf traits were better predictors of functioning than root traits. Despite limited trait breadth, leaf functional trait diversity was correlated with most ecosystem functions in at least one season, but effects were sometimes negative. Trait–function relationships were not always in the expected direction. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that manipulating plant community traits has potential to improve some ecosystem functions for some seasons in intensively grazed systems. However, the variable nature of the trait–function relationships found suggests that a deeper understanding of why and when traits relate to ecosystem functioning is required before managers can be confident that using a trait‐based approach will consistently improve outcomes. |
| Author | Stevenson, Bryan A. Mudge, Paul L. Mason, Norman W.H. Jordan, Olivia M. Lambie, Suzanne M. Orwin, Kate H. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Kate H. surname: Orwin fullname: Orwin, Kate H. – sequence: 2 givenname: Norman W.H. surname: Mason fullname: Mason, Norman W.H. – sequence: 3 givenname: Olivia M. surname: Jordan fullname: Jordan, Olivia M. – sequence: 4 givenname: Suzanne M. surname: Lambie fullname: Lambie, Suzanne M. – sequence: 5 givenname: Bryan A. surname: Stevenson fullname: Stevenson, Bryan A. – sequence: 6 givenname: Paul L. surname: Mudge fullname: Mudge, Paul L. |
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| Copyright | 2018 British Ecological Society 2017 Landcare Research. Journal of Applied Ecology © 2017 British Ecological Society Journal of Applied Ecology © 2018 British Ecological Society |
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| SubjectTerms | Biodiversity biomass Carbon cycle carbon cycling cows Design optimization Dominant species Ecological function Ecosystem management Ecosystems Environmental impact Festuca Forage functional diversity Grassland management Grasslands leaf traits Leaves Lolium Mineralization nitrates Nitrogen nitrogen cycling nitrogen retention Pasture Pasture management pastures Plant communities primary productivity Productivity root biomass root traits rotationally grazed Seasons soil Species diversity |
| Title | Season and dominant species effects on plant trait-ecosystem function relationships in intensively grazed grassland |
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