Organocatalytic Enantioselective Functionalization of Unactivated Indole C(sp3)−H Bonds

Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C−C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with...

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Published inAngewandte Chemie International Edition Vol. 58; no. 44; pp. 15916 - 15921
Main Authors Ma, Dengke, Zhang, Zhihan, Chen, Min, Lin, Zhenyang, Sun, Jianwei
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published WEINHEIM Wiley 28.10.2019
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
EditionInternational ed. in English
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1433-7851
1521-3773
1521-3773
DOI10.1002/anie.201909397

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Abstract Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C−C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp3−H) functionalizations of α‐azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron‐deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism. Not just one, but two: An organocatalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated benzylic C(sp3)−H bonds of alkyl indoles with trifluoropyruvates was developed with high enantioselectivity. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations show an unusual mechanism, including the first installation of a trifluoropyruvate electrophile at C3 of indoles, towards the formation of the key enamine nucleophile, followed by the addition of the second trifluoropyruvate.
AbstractList Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C-C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp(3)-H) functionalizations of alpha-azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron-deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism.
Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C−C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp3−H) functionalizations of α‐azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron‐deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism.
Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C−C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp3−H) functionalizations of α‐azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron‐deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism. Not just one, but two: An organocatalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated benzylic C(sp3)−H bonds of alkyl indoles with trifluoropyruvates was developed with high enantioselectivity. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations show an unusual mechanism, including the first installation of a trifluoropyruvate electrophile at C3 of indoles, towards the formation of the key enamine nucleophile, followed by the addition of the second trifluoropyruvate.
Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C−C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp 3 −H) functionalizations of α‐azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron‐deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism.
Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C-C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp3 -H) functionalizations of α-azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron-deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism.Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C-C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp3 -H) functionalizations of α-azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron-deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism.
Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C-C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp -H) functionalizations of α-azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron-deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism.
Author Ma, Dengke
Chen, Min
Lin, Zhenyang
Sun, Jianwei
Zhang, Zhihan
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Issue 44
Keywords organocatalysis
NUCLEOPHILES
CATALYSIS
chirality
DIELS-ALDER REACTIONS
STRATEGY
nitrogen heterocycles
reaction mechanisms
asymmetric catalysis
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Snippet Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral...
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SubjectTerms asymmetric catalysis
Asymmetry
Catalysts
Chemistry
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
chirality
Enantiomers
Indoles
nitrogen heterocycles
organocatalysis
Phosphoric acid
Physical Sciences
reaction mechanisms
Science & Technology
Substrates
Urea
Title Organocatalytic Enantioselective Functionalization of Unactivated Indole C(sp3)−H Bonds
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fanie.201909397
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31424147
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2307078347
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2275948293
Volume 58
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