Organocatalytic Enantioselective Functionalization of Unactivated Indole C(sp3)−H Bonds
Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C−C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with...
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Published in | Angewandte Chemie International Edition Vol. 58; no. 44; pp. 15916 - 15921 |
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Main Authors | , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
WEINHEIM
Wiley
28.10.2019
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
Edition | International ed. in English |
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Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 1433-7851 1521-3773 1521-3773 |
DOI | 10.1002/anie.201909397 |
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Abstract | Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C−C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp3−H) functionalizations of α‐azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron‐deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism.
Not just one, but two: An organocatalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated benzylic C(sp3)−H bonds of alkyl indoles with trifluoropyruvates was developed with high enantioselectivity. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations show an unusual mechanism, including the first installation of a trifluoropyruvate electrophile at C3 of indoles, towards the formation of the key enamine nucleophile, followed by the addition of the second trifluoropyruvate. |
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AbstractList | Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C-C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp(3)-H) functionalizations of alpha-azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron-deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism. Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C−C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp3−H) functionalizations of α‐azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron‐deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism. Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C−C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp3−H) functionalizations of α‐azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron‐deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism. Not just one, but two: An organocatalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated benzylic C(sp3)−H bonds of alkyl indoles with trifluoropyruvates was developed with high enantioselectivity. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations show an unusual mechanism, including the first installation of a trifluoropyruvate electrophile at C3 of indoles, towards the formation of the key enamine nucleophile, followed by the addition of the second trifluoropyruvate. Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C−C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp 3 −H) functionalizations of α‐azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron‐deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism. Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C-C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp3 -H) functionalizations of α-azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron-deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism.Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C-C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp3 -H) functionalizations of α-azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron-deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism. Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral urea catalyst and a phosphoric acid additive, the intermolecular C-C bond formation between alkyl indoles and trifluoropyruvates proceeded with high efficiency and enantiocontrol. Unlike previous asymmetric C(sp -H) functionalizations of α-azaarenes, this process does not require the use of either a strong base or an electron-deficient substrate. The excellent enantiocontrol is particularly noteworthy in view of the severe background reaction as well as the complete inability of other types of catalysts evaluated. Control experiments, kinetic studies, and DFT calculations provided important insights into the mechanism. |
Author | Ma, Dengke Chen, Min Lin, Zhenyang Sun, Jianwei Zhang, Zhihan |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Dengke surname: Ma fullname: Ma, Dengke organization: The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon – sequence: 2 givenname: Zhihan surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Zhihan organization: The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon – sequence: 3 givenname: Min surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Min organization: The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon – sequence: 4 givenname: Zhenyang surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Zhenyang email: chzlin@ust.hk organization: The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon – sequence: 5 givenname: Jianwei orcidid: 0000-0002-2470-1077 surname: Sun fullname: Sun, Jianwei email: sunjw@ust.hk organization: The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31424147$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Keywords | organocatalysis NUCLEOPHILES CATALYSIS chirality DIELS-ALDER REACTIONS STRATEGY nitrogen heterocycles reaction mechanisms asymmetric catalysis ADDITIONS ACCESS |
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Snippet | Described here is a direct catalytic asymmetric functionalization of unactivated alkyl indoles using organocatalysis. In the presence of an effective chiral... |
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SubjectTerms | asymmetric catalysis Asymmetry Catalysts Chemistry Chemistry, Multidisciplinary chirality Enantiomers Indoles nitrogen heterocycles organocatalysis Phosphoric acid Physical Sciences reaction mechanisms Science & Technology Substrates Urea |
Title | Organocatalytic Enantioselective Functionalization of Unactivated Indole C(sp3)−H Bonds |
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