Effects of Spirulina Supplementation on C‐Reactive Protein (CRP): A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta‐Analysis
ABSTRACT The preceding research has produced varied results concerning the impact of Spirulina supplementation on C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, considered one of the primary risk factors associated with inflammation in chronic conditions. We aimed to understand the potential relationship between...
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| Published in | Food science & nutrition Vol. 13; no. 5; pp. e70196 - n/a |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
01.05.2025
John Wiley and Sons Inc |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2048-7177 2048-7177 |
| DOI | 10.1002/fsn3.70196 |
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| Abstract | ABSTRACT
The preceding research has produced varied results concerning the impact of Spirulina supplementation on C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, considered one of the primary risk factors associated with inflammation in chronic conditions. We aimed to understand the potential relationship between Spirulina supplementation and human CRP modulation by performing a meta‐analysis. A comprehensive search was conducted up to February 2024 on prominent medical bibliographic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, to identify relevant studies. The overall effect size was calculated using a random‐effects model that was proposed by DerSimonian and Laird. The pooled effect size was expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Furthermore, the heterogeneity between the included studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and the I2 statistic. Our meta‐analysis included 7 trials with 283 subjects and 10 effect sizes. Spirulina supplementation significantly reduced serum CRP levels compared to the control group (WMD: −0.55 mg/L; 95% CI: −0.90 to −0.21; p = 0.002). However, heterogeneity among the studies was high (I2 = 86.7%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, no significant linear and non‐linear relationship between supplementation features (dosage and duration) and changes in CRP levels was detected. The results of the current systematic review and meta‐analysis suggest that the intake of Spirulina can cause significant decreases in CRP levels. However, more extensive and well‐executed studies are still needed to draw definitive conclusions regarding this effectiveness.
Our meta‐analysis, which combined data from seven trials (with 10 arms), revealed that Spirulina supplementation led to a significant decrease in C‐reactive protein levels compared to control groups. |
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| AbstractList | The preceding research has produced varied results concerning the impact of Spirulina supplementation on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, considered one of the primary risk factors associated with inflammation in chronic conditions. We aimed to understand the potential relationship between Spirulina supplementation and human CRP modulation by performing a meta-analysis. A comprehensive search was conducted up to February 2024 on prominent medical bibliographic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, to identify relevant studies. The overall effect size was calculated using a random-effects model that was proposed by DerSimonian and Laird. The pooled effect size was expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Furthermore, the heterogeneity between the included studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and the I 2 statistic. Our meta-analysis included 7 trials with 283 subjects and 10 effect sizes. Spirulina supplementation significantly reduced serum CRP levels compared to the control group (WMD: -0.55 mg/L; 95% CI: -0.90 to -0.21; p = 0.002). However, heterogeneity among the studies was high (I 2 = 86.7%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, no significant linear and non-linear relationship between supplementation features (dosage and duration) and changes in CRP levels was detected. The results of the current systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that the intake of Spirulina can cause significant decreases in CRP levels. However, more extensive and well-executed studies are still needed to draw definitive conclusions regarding this effectiveness.The preceding research has produced varied results concerning the impact of Spirulina supplementation on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, considered one of the primary risk factors associated with inflammation in chronic conditions. We aimed to understand the potential relationship between Spirulina supplementation and human CRP modulation by performing a meta-analysis. A comprehensive search was conducted up to February 2024 on prominent medical bibliographic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, to identify relevant studies. The overall effect size was calculated using a random-effects model that was proposed by DerSimonian and Laird. The pooled effect size was expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Furthermore, the heterogeneity between the included studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and the I 2 statistic. Our meta-analysis included 7 trials with 283 subjects and 10 effect sizes. Spirulina supplementation significantly reduced serum CRP levels compared to the control group (WMD: -0.55 mg/L; 95% CI: -0.90 to -0.21; p = 0.002). However, heterogeneity among the studies was high (I 2 = 86.7%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, no significant linear and non-linear relationship between supplementation features (dosage and duration) and changes in CRP levels was detected. The results of the current systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that the intake of Spirulina can cause significant decreases in CRP levels. However, more extensive and well-executed studies are still needed to draw definitive conclusions regarding this effectiveness. The preceding research has produced varied results concerning the impact of Spirulina supplementation on C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, considered one of the primary risk factors associated with inflammation in chronic conditions. We aimed to understand the potential relationship between Spirulina supplementation and human CRP modulation by performing a meta‐analysis. A comprehensive search was conducted up to February 2024 on prominent medical bibliographic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, to identify relevant studies. The overall effect size was calculated using a random‐effects model that was proposed by DerSimonian and Laird. The pooled effect size was expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Furthermore, the heterogeneity between the included studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and the I 2 statistic. Our meta‐analysis included 7 trials with 283 subjects and 10 effect sizes. Spirulina supplementation significantly reduced serum CRP levels compared to the control group (WMD: −0.55 mg/L; 95% CI: −0.90 to −0.21; p = 0.002). However, heterogeneity among the studies was high ( I 2 = 86.7%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, no significant linear and non‐linear relationship between supplementation features (dosage and duration) and changes in CRP levels was detected. The results of the current systematic review and meta‐analysis suggest that the intake of Spirulina can cause significant decreases in CRP levels. However, more extensive and well‐executed studies are still needed to draw definitive conclusions regarding this effectiveness. Our meta‐analysis, which combined data from seven trials (with 10 arms), revealed that Spirulina supplementation led to a significant decrease in C‐reactive protein levels compared to control groups. ABSTRACT The preceding research has produced varied results concerning the impact of Spirulina supplementation on C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, considered one of the primary risk factors associated with inflammation in chronic conditions. We aimed to understand the potential relationship between Spirulina supplementation and human CRP modulation by performing a meta‐analysis. A comprehensive search was conducted up to February 2024 on prominent medical bibliographic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, to identify relevant studies. The overall effect size was calculated using a random‐effects model that was proposed by DerSimonian and Laird. The pooled effect size was expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Furthermore, the heterogeneity between the included studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and the I2 statistic. Our meta‐analysis included 7 trials with 283 subjects and 10 effect sizes. Spirulina supplementation significantly reduced serum CRP levels compared to the control group (WMD: −0.55 mg/L; 95% CI: −0.90 to −0.21; p = 0.002). However, heterogeneity among the studies was high (I2 = 86.7%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, no significant linear and non‐linear relationship between supplementation features (dosage and duration) and changes in CRP levels was detected. The results of the current systematic review and meta‐analysis suggest that the intake of Spirulina can cause significant decreases in CRP levels. However, more extensive and well‐executed studies are still needed to draw definitive conclusions regarding this effectiveness. ABSTRACT The preceding research has produced varied results concerning the impact of Spirulina supplementation on C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, considered one of the primary risk factors associated with inflammation in chronic conditions. We aimed to understand the potential relationship between Spirulina supplementation and human CRP modulation by performing a meta‐analysis. A comprehensive search was conducted up to February 2024 on prominent medical bibliographic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, to identify relevant studies. The overall effect size was calculated using a random‐effects model that was proposed by DerSimonian and Laird. The pooled effect size was expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Furthermore, the heterogeneity between the included studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and the I2 statistic. Our meta‐analysis included 7 trials with 283 subjects and 10 effect sizes. Spirulina supplementation significantly reduced serum CRP levels compared to the control group (WMD: −0.55 mg/L; 95% CI: −0.90 to −0.21; p = 0.002). However, heterogeneity among the studies was high (I2 = 86.7%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, no significant linear and non‐linear relationship between supplementation features (dosage and duration) and changes in CRP levels was detected. The results of the current systematic review and meta‐analysis suggest that the intake of Spirulina can cause significant decreases in CRP levels. However, more extensive and well‐executed studies are still needed to draw definitive conclusions regarding this effectiveness. Our meta‐analysis, which combined data from seven trials (with 10 arms), revealed that Spirulina supplementation led to a significant decrease in C‐reactive protein levels compared to control groups. The preceding research has produced varied results concerning the impact of Spirulina supplementation on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, considered one of the primary risk factors associated with inflammation in chronic conditions. We aimed to understand the potential relationship between Spirulina supplementation and human CRP modulation by performing a meta-analysis. A comprehensive search was conducted up to February 2024 on prominent medical bibliographic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, to identify relevant studies. The overall effect size was calculated using a random-effects model that was proposed by DerSimonian and Laird. The pooled effect size was expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Furthermore, the heterogeneity between the included studies was evaluated using Cochran's test and the statistic. Our meta-analysis included 7 trials with 283 subjects and 10 effect sizes. Spirulina supplementation significantly reduced serum CRP levels compared to the control group (WMD: -0.55 mg/L; 95% CI: -0.90 to -0.21; = 0.002). However, heterogeneity among the studies was high ( = 86.7%, < 0.001). Furthermore, no significant linear and non-linear relationship between supplementation features (dosage and duration) and changes in CRP levels was detected. The results of the current systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that the intake of Spirulina can cause significant decreases in CRP levels. However, more extensive and well-executed studies are still needed to draw definitive conclusions regarding this effectiveness. The preceding research has produced varied results concerning the impact of Spirulina supplementation on C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, considered one of the primary risk factors associated with inflammation in chronic conditions. We aimed to understand the potential relationship between Spirulina supplementation and human CRP modulation by performing a meta‐analysis. A comprehensive search was conducted up to February 2024 on prominent medical bibliographic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, to identify relevant studies. The overall effect size was calculated using a random‐effects model that was proposed by DerSimonian and Laird. The pooled effect size was expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Furthermore, the heterogeneity between the included studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q test and the I 2 statistic. Our meta‐analysis included 7 trials with 283 subjects and 10 effect sizes. Spirulina supplementation significantly reduced serum CRP levels compared to the control group (WMD: −0.55 mg/L; 95% CI: −0.90 to −0.21; p = 0.002). However, heterogeneity among the studies was high ( I 2 = 86.7%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, no significant linear and non‐linear relationship between supplementation features (dosage and duration) and changes in CRP levels was detected. The results of the current systematic review and meta‐analysis suggest that the intake of Spirulina can cause significant decreases in CRP levels. However, more extensive and well‐executed studies are still needed to draw definitive conclusions regarding this effectiveness. |
| Author | Shahraki Jazinaki, Mostafa Rahbarinejad, Pegah Shadmand Foumani Moghadam, Mohammad Reza Pahlavani, Naseh Rashidmayvan, Mohammad |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Social Determinants of Health Research Center Gonabad University of Medical Sciences Gonabad Iran 5 Social Determinants of Health Research Center Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences Torbat Heydariyeh Iran 4 Health Sciences Research Center Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences Torbat Heydariyeh Iran 1 Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran 3 Service of Clinical Nutrition and Dietitian, Emam Reza Hospital Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 4 Health Sciences Research Center Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences Torbat Heydariyeh Iran – name: 5 Social Determinants of Health Research Center Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences Torbat Heydariyeh Iran – name: 2 Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Social Determinants of Health Research Center Gonabad University of Medical Sciences Gonabad Iran – name: 3 Service of Clinical Nutrition and Dietitian, Emam Reza Hospital Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran – name: 1 Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Mostafa orcidid: 0009-0006-6526-8712 surname: Shahraki Jazinaki fullname: Shahraki Jazinaki, Mostafa organization: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences – sequence: 2 givenname: Mohammad surname: Rashidmayvan fullname: Rashidmayvan, Mohammad organization: Gonabad University of Medical Sciences – sequence: 3 givenname: Pegah surname: Rahbarinejad fullname: Rahbarinejad, Pegah organization: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences – sequence: 4 givenname: Mohammad Reza orcidid: 0000-0001-7431-7869 surname: Shadmand Foumani Moghadam fullname: Shadmand Foumani Moghadam, Mohammad Reza organization: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences – sequence: 5 givenname: Naseh orcidid: 0000-0002-2592-5646 surname: Pahlavani fullname: Pahlavani, Naseh email: nasehpahlavanine91@yahoo.com organization: Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences |
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| Copyright | 2025 The Author(s). published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. 2025 The Author(s). Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. 2025. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the "License"). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
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| Keywords | cardiovascular diseases spirulina inflammation C‐reactive protein |
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The preceding research has produced varied results concerning the impact of Spirulina supplementation on C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, considered... The preceding research has produced varied results concerning the impact of Spirulina supplementation on C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, considered one of the... The preceding research has produced varied results concerning the impact of Spirulina supplementation on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, considered one of the... ABSTRACT The preceding research has produced varied results concerning the impact of Spirulina supplementation on C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, considered... |
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| SubjectTerms | Alzheimer's disease Bias C-reactive protein Cardiovascular disease cardiovascular diseases Chronic conditions Heterogeneity Inflammation Intervention Meta-analysis Proteins Review Risk factors Spirulina Statistical analysis Supplements Systematic review |
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| Title | Effects of Spirulina Supplementation on C‐Reactive Protein (CRP): A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta‐Analysis |
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