The Effect of Theobromine Supplementation on HDL‐c Subclasses (HDL‐c2, HDL‐c3), HDL‐c2/HDL‐c3 Ratio, and Gene Expression of PPAR‐α and Sirt1 in Subjects With Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

• Published in: Food science & nutrition Vol. 13; no. 7; pp. e70665 - n/a
• Main Authors: Sharifi‐Zahabi, Elham, Dastafkan, Zahra, Asadi, Amirhossein, Hosseini‐Baharanchi, Fatemeh Sadat, Rezvani, Nayebali, Yari, Saba, Shidfar, Farzad
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.07.2025; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Antihypertensives; Apolipoproteins; Blood pressure; Body mass index; Caffeine; Calories; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular diseases; Cholesterol; Clinical trials; Diabetes; Diet; Dietary intake; Dietary supplements; Exercise; Fatty acids; Food intake; Gene expression; Glucose; HDL‐c; Health risks; High density lipoprotein; Hypertension; Hypocaloric diet; Lipids; Lipoproteins; Metabolic disorders; Metabolic syndrome; Nutrient deficiency; Nutrition research; Original; Overweight; Oxidation; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; Placebos; PPAR alpha; Risk factors; Serum levels; SIRT1 protein; Statins; Supplements; theobromine; Iran; metabolic syndrome; HDL‐c; PPAR alpha; theobromine

ABSTRACT Several studies have reported the beneficial effects of theobromine (TB) on metabolic syndrome (MetS) indices and cardiovascular risk factors. However, the findings are controversial. The current study aimed to examine the effects of a 12‐week intake of pure TB in combination with a low‐cal...