Complications of immunotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

• Published in: Journal of liver cancer Vol. 24; no. 1; pp. 9 - 16
• Main Authors: Song, Young-Gi, Yoo, Jeong-Ju, Kim, Sang Gyune, Kim, Young Seok
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Korea (South) The Korean Liver Cancer Association 01.03.2024; Korean Liver Cancer Association; 대한간암학회
• Subjects: carcinoma, hepatocellular; immune checkpoint inhibitors; immunotherapy; Review; side effect, drug; 의학일반; Carcinoma, hepatocellular; Immune checkpoint inhibitors; Side effect, drug; Immunotherapy
• ISSN: 2288-8128; 2383-5001; 2383-5001
• DOI: 10.17998/jlc.2023.11.21

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are highly effective in cancer treatment. However, the risks associated with the treatment must be carefully balanced against the therapeutic benefits. Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are generally unpredictable and may persist over an extended period. In this review, we analyzed common irAEs reported in highly cited original articles and systematic reviews. The prevalent adverse reactions include fatigue, pyrexia, rash, pruritus, diarrhea, decreased appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, constipation, hepatitis, and hypothyroidism. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct evaluations not only of gastrointestinal organs but also of cardiac, neurologic, endocrine (including the frequently affected thyroid), and ophthalmic systems before commencing ICIs. This review further explores commonly reported types of irAEs, specific irAEs associated with each ICI agent, rare yet potentially fatal irAEs, and available treatment options for managing them.