Deciphering a cryptic minefield: A guide to Cryptosporidium gp60 subtyping
For 25 years, analysis of the gp60 gene has been the cornerstone of Cryptosporidium subtyping, particularly for Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, during population-based and epidemiological studies. This gene, which encodes a 60 kDa glycoprotein, is highly polymorphic with several...
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| Published in | Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases Vol. 7; p. 100257 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Netherlands
Elsevier B.V
01.01.2025
Elsevier |
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| Abstract | For 25 years, analysis of the gp60 gene has been the cornerstone of Cryptosporidium subtyping, particularly for Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, during population-based and epidemiological studies. This gene, which encodes a 60 kDa glycoprotein, is highly polymorphic with several variable features that make it particularly useful for differentiating within Cryptosporidium species. However, while this variability has proven useful for subtyping, it has on occasion resulted in alternative interpretations, and descriptions of novel and unusual features have been added to the nomenclature system, resulting in inconsistency and confusion. The components of the gp60 gene sequence used in the nomenclature that are discussed here include “R” repeats, “r” repeats, alphabetical suffixes, “variant” designations, and the use of the Greek alphabet as a family designation. As the subtyping scheme has expanded over the years, its application to different Cryptosporidium species has also made the scheme more complex. For example, key features may be absent, such as the typical TCA/TCG/TCT serine microsatellite that forms a major part of the nomenclature in C. hominis and C. parvum. As is to be expected in such a variable gene, different primer sets have been developed for the amplification of the gp60 in various species and these have been collated. Here we bring together all the current components of gp60, including a guide to the nomenclature in various species, software to assist in analysing sequences, and links to useful reference resources with an aim to promote standardisation of this subtyping tool.
[Display omitted]
•Provision of recommended, standardised rules for gp60 nomenclature.•Description of features underlying the nomenclature in different Cryptosporidium spp.•Pitfalls and historical alternative interpretations are highlighted.•Resources to assist the community in gp60 subtyping. |
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| AbstractList | For 25 years, analysis of the
gp60
gene has been the cornerstone of
Cryptosporidium
subtyping, particularly for
Cryptosporidium hominis
and
Cryptosporidium parvum
, during population-based and epidemiological studies. This gene, which encodes a 60 kDa glycoprotein, is highly polymorphic with several variable features that make it particularly useful for differentiating within
Cryptosporidium
species. However, while this variability has proven useful for subtyping, it has on occasion resulted in alternative interpretations, and descriptions of novel and unusual features have been added to the nomenclature system, resulting in inconsistency and confusion. The components of the
gp60
gene sequence used in the nomenclature that are discussed here include “R” repeats, “r” repeats, alphabetical suffixes, “variant” designations, and the use of the Greek alphabet as a family designation. As the subtyping scheme has expanded over the years, its application to different
Cryptosporidium
species has also made the scheme more complex. For example, key features may be absent, such as the typical TCA/TCG/TCT serine microsatellite that forms a major part of the nomenclature in
C. hominis
and
C. parvum
. As is to be expected in such a variable gene, different primer sets have been developed for the amplification of the
gp60
in various species and these have been collated. Here we bring together all the current components of
gp60
, including a guide to the nomenclature in various species, software to assist in analysing sequences, and links to useful reference resources with an aim to promote standardisation of this subtyping tool.
Image 1
•
Provision of recommended, standardised rules for
gp60
nomenclature.
•
Description of features underlying the nomenclature in different
Cryptosporidium
spp.
•
Pitfalls and historical alternative interpretations are highlighted.
•
Resources to assist the community in
gp60
subtyping. For 25 years, analysis of the gp60 gene has been the cornerstone of Cryptosporidium subtyping, particularly for Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, during population-based and epidemiological studies. This gene, which encodes a 60 kDa glycoprotein, is highly polymorphic with several variable features that make it particularly useful for differentiating within Cryptosporidium species. However, while this variability has proven useful for subtyping, it has on occasion resulted in alternative interpretations, and descriptions of novel and unusual features have been added to the nomenclature system, resulting in inconsistency and confusion. The components of the gp60 gene sequence used in the nomenclature that are discussed here include “R” repeats, “r” repeats, alphabetical suffixes, “variant” designations, and the use of the Greek alphabet as a family designation. As the subtyping scheme has expanded over the years, its application to different Cryptosporidium species has also made the scheme more complex. For example, key features may be absent, such as the typical TCA/TCG/TCT serine microsatellite that forms a major part of the nomenclature in C. hominis and C. parvum. As is to be expected in such a variable gene, different primer sets have been developed for the amplification of the gp60 in various species and these have been collated. Here we bring together all the current components of gp60, including a guide to the nomenclature in various species, software to assist in analysing sequences, and links to useful reference resources with an aim to promote standardisation of this subtyping tool. For 25 years, analysis of the gp60 gene has been the cornerstone of Cryptosporidium subtyping, particularly for Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, during population-based and epidemiological studies. This gene, which encodes a 60 kDa glycoprotein, is highly polymorphic with several variable features that make it particularly useful for differentiating within Cryptosporidium species. However, while this variability has proven useful for subtyping, it has on occasion resulted in alternative interpretations, and descriptions of novel and unusual features have been added to the nomenclature system, resulting in inconsistency and confusion. The components of the gp60 gene sequence used in the nomenclature that are discussed here include “R” repeats, “r” repeats, alphabetical suffixes, “variant” designations, and the use of the Greek alphabet as a family designation. As the subtyping scheme has expanded over the years, its application to different Cryptosporidium species has also made the scheme more complex. For example, key features may be absent, such as the typical TCA/TCG/TCT serine microsatellite that forms a major part of the nomenclature in C. hominis and C. parvum. As is to be expected in such a variable gene, different primer sets have been developed for the amplification of the gp60 in various species and these have been collated. Here we bring together all the current components of gp60, including a guide to the nomenclature in various species, software to assist in analysing sequences, and links to useful reference resources with an aim to promote standardisation of this subtyping tool. [Display omitted] •Provision of recommended, standardised rules for gp60 nomenclature.•Description of features underlying the nomenclature in different Cryptosporidium spp.•Pitfalls and historical alternative interpretations are highlighted.•Resources to assist the community in gp60 subtyping. For 25 years, analysis of the gp60 gene has been the cornerstone of Cryptosporidium subtyping, particularly for Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, during population-based and epidemiological studies. This gene, which encodes a 60 kDa glycoprotein, is highly polymorphic with several variable features that make it particularly useful for differentiating within Cryptosporidium species. However, while this variability has proven useful for subtyping, it has on occasion resulted in alternative interpretations, and descriptions of novel and unusual features have been added to the nomenclature system, resulting in inconsistency and confusion. The components of the gp60 gene sequence used in the nomenclature that are discussed here include "R" repeats, "r" repeats, alphabetical suffixes, "variant" designations, and the use of the Greek alphabet as a family designation. As the subtyping scheme has expanded over the years, its application to different Cryptosporidium species has also made the scheme more complex. For example, key features may be absent, such as the typical TCA/TCG/TCT serine microsatellite that forms a major part of the nomenclature in C. hominis and C. parvum. As is to be expected in such a variable gene, different primer sets have been developed for the amplification of the gp60 in various species and these have been collated. Here we bring together all the current components of gp60, including a guide to the nomenclature in various species, software to assist in analysing sequences, and links to useful reference resources with an aim to promote standardisation of this subtyping tool.For 25 years, analysis of the gp60 gene has been the cornerstone of Cryptosporidium subtyping, particularly for Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, during population-based and epidemiological studies. This gene, which encodes a 60 kDa glycoprotein, is highly polymorphic with several variable features that make it particularly useful for differentiating within Cryptosporidium species. However, while this variability has proven useful for subtyping, it has on occasion resulted in alternative interpretations, and descriptions of novel and unusual features have been added to the nomenclature system, resulting in inconsistency and confusion. The components of the gp60 gene sequence used in the nomenclature that are discussed here include "R" repeats, "r" repeats, alphabetical suffixes, "variant" designations, and the use of the Greek alphabet as a family designation. As the subtyping scheme has expanded over the years, its application to different Cryptosporidium species has also made the scheme more complex. For example, key features may be absent, such as the typical TCA/TCG/TCT serine microsatellite that forms a major part of the nomenclature in C. hominis and C. parvum. As is to be expected in such a variable gene, different primer sets have been developed for the amplification of the gp60 in various species and these have been collated. Here we bring together all the current components of gp60, including a guide to the nomenclature in various species, software to assist in analysing sequences, and links to useful reference resources with an aim to promote standardisation of this subtyping tool. For 25 years, analysis of the gene has been the cornerstone of subtyping, particularly for and , during population-based and epidemiological studies. This gene, which encodes a 60 kDa glycoprotein, is highly polymorphic with several variable features that make it particularly useful for differentiating within species. However, while this variability has proven useful for subtyping, it has on occasion resulted in alternative interpretations, and descriptions of novel and unusual features have been added to the nomenclature system, resulting in inconsistency and confusion. The components of the gene sequence used in the nomenclature that are discussed here include "R" repeats, "r" repeats, alphabetical suffixes, "variant" designations, and the use of the Greek alphabet as a family designation. As the subtyping scheme has expanded over the years, its application to different species has also made the scheme more complex. For example, key features may be absent, such as the typical TCA/TCG/TCT serine microsatellite that forms a major part of the nomenclature in and . As is to be expected in such a variable gene, different primer sets have been developed for the amplification of the in various species and these have been collated. Here we bring together all the current components of , including a guide to the nomenclature in various species, software to assist in analysing sequences, and links to useful reference resources with an aim to promote standardisation of this subtyping tool. |
| ArticleNumber | 100257 |
| Author | Robinson, Guy Guy, Rebecca A. Chalmers, Rachel M. Bessonov, Kyrylo Xiao, Lihua Elwin, Kristin Troell, Karin |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Guy orcidid: 0000-0002-6594-2408 surname: Robinson fullname: Robinson, Guy email: Guy.Robinson@wales.nhs.uk organization: Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology and Health Protection, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK – sequence: 2 givenname: Rachel M. orcidid: 0000-0002-9309-7096 surname: Chalmers fullname: Chalmers, Rachel M. organization: Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology and Health Protection, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK – sequence: 3 givenname: Kristin orcidid: 0000-0003-1024-2276 surname: Elwin fullname: Elwin, Kristin organization: Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology and Health Protection, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK – sequence: 4 givenname: Rebecca A. surname: Guy fullname: Guy, Rebecca A. organization: Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 3W4, Canada – sequence: 5 givenname: Kyrylo surname: Bessonov fullname: Bessonov, Kyrylo organization: Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 3W4, Canada – sequence: 6 givenname: Karin surname: Troell fullname: Troell, Karin organization: Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, 1433, Ås, Norway – sequence: 7 givenname: Lihua orcidid: 0000-0001-8532-2727 surname: Xiao fullname: Xiao, Lihua organization: College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China |
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| Keywords | Cryptosporidium gp60 Subtyping CryptoGenotyper Nomenclature |
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| Title | Deciphering a cryptic minefield: A guide to Cryptosporidium gp60 subtyping |
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