Noncontact Detection of Sleep Apnea Using Radar and Expectation-Maximization Algorithm

• Published in: IEEE sensors journal Vol. 24; no. 20; pp. 32748 - 32756
• Main Authors: Koda, Takato, Okumura, Shigeaki, Taki, Hirofumi, Hamada, Satoshi, Sunadome, Hironobu, Sato, Susumu, Chin, Kazuo, Sakamoto, Takuya
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 15.10.2024; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Accuracy; Adaptive algorithms; Antenna arrays; biomedical engineering; Clutter; Doppler radar; Error analysis; Error detection; Maximization; Optimization; Radar; Radar detection; Radar imaging; Radar measurement; radar measurements; radar signal processing; Sleep apnea; Synthetic aperture sonar
• DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3450890
• ISSN: 1530-437X

Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) requires early diagnosis because this syndrome can lead to a variety of health problems. If sleep apnea (SA) events can be detected in a noncontact manner using radar, we can then avoid the discomfort caused by the contact-type sensors that are used in conventional polysomnography (PSG). This study proposes a novel radar-based method for accurate detection of SA events. The proposed method uses the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to extract the respiratory features that form normal and abnormal breathing patterns, resulting in an adaptive apnea detection capability without any requirement for empirical parameters. We conducted an experimental quantitative evaluation of the proposed method by performing PSG and radar measurements simultaneously in five patients with the symptoms of SAS. Through these experiments, we show that the proposed method can detect the number of apnea and hypopnea events per hour with an error of 4.8 times/h; this represents an improvement in the accuracy by 1.8 times when compared with the conventional threshold-based method and demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed method.