Optimum insulation design for buried utilities subject to frost action in cold regions using the Nelder-Mead algorithm - Liu, Hongwei; Maghoul, Pooneh; Shalaby, Ahmed (International journal of heat and mass transfer, 2019)
Keywords: Algorithms; Backfill; Buried pipes; Buried utilities; Conductive heat transfer; Freezing; Frost; Frost action; Frost damage; Frost protection; Gas pipes; Heat and mass transfer; Heat transfer; Insulation; Latent heat; Mass transfer; Mathematical models; Moisture content; Nelder-Mead optimization algorithm; Parametric study; Phase change; Phase transitions; Soil investigations; Soil water; System effectiveness; Thermal insulation; Underground utilities; Water utilities; Insulation; Parametric study; Heat and mass transfer; Buried utilities; Phase change; Nelder-Mead optimization algorithm; Frost action