Evaluating the effects of porosity on the mechanical properties of extrusion-based 3D printed concrete

• Published in: Cement and concrete research Vol. 153; p. 106695
• Main Authors: van den Heever, Marchant, du Plessis, Anton, Kruger, Jacques, van Zijl, Gideon
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elmsford Elsevier Ltd 01.03.2022; Elsevier BV
• Subjects: 3D concrete printing; Cartesian coordinates; Compressive strength; Computed tomography; Concrete; Constituents; Elasticity; Extrusion; Fiber reinforced concretes; Fiber reinforcement; Formability; Interlayers; Mathematical morphology; Mechanical analysis; Mechanical characteristics; Mechanical properties; Mixtures; Modulus of elasticity; Molds; Morphology; Porosity; Porosity metrics; Porous media; Three dimensional printing; Topology; Elasticity; 3D concrete printing; Mechanical characteristics; Computed tomography; Porosity metrics
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106695
• ISSN: 0008-8846

Elements fabricated by extrusion-based 3D concrete printing (3DCP) display anisotropic mechanical properties when subject to loading conditions orientated in principle cartesian axis directions. Various studies show that the mechanical characteristics of 3DCP components are lower than their mould-cast counterparts, reportedly due to the existence of weaker, more porous, interfacial joints in-between filament layers. To promote the widespread adoption of 3DCP, the elastic response and strength parameters of 3DCP elements must be fully comprehended. Numerous attempts have been made to improve the mechanical properties of 3DCP using fibre reinforcement. At the root of all mechanical properties are the microstructural morphology and constituent characteristics of the mixture. It has been shown that the 3DCP process influences the ensuing microstructural morphology, and it is known that constituent type, constituent proportion, porosity content and void topology affect a porous medium's bulk strength and elasticity. Therefore, the correlation between such observations warrants additional investigation concerning the influence of porosity on the anisotropic mechanical properties of 3DCP components. In this research, the effects of porosity metrics such as total defect content; 3D void topology (shape, size, and orientation); pore spatial, size and compactness distributions; and interconnectivity are quantitively investigated for a fibre-reinforced printable concrete (FRPC) mixture via X-ray computed tomography and related to the elasticity, compressive strength and observed fracture patterns of mould-cast and concrete printed specimens consisting of the same fibre reinforced printable concrete matrix. The experimental findings indicate higher porosity, on average and at interlayer locations, in 3DCP samples as well as alterations in the spatial and topological attributes of voids in 3DCP samples. Furthermore, it is shown that both reductions in the elastic modulus and compressive capacity can be physically linked to the porosity metrics detected in 3DCP elements. Elasticity is dominated by porosity content and compressive capacity by the interrelation between porosity content, loading direction relative to the interlayer orientation, stress concentrations at void boundaries, and the increased deformability of the composite configuration. From the consideration and interpretation of these aspects, the anisotropic mechanical response of 3DCP samples is elucidated, and potential remedies are proposed.