Brain organoids: advances, applications and challenges

Brain organoids are self-assembled three-dimensional aggregates generated from pluripotent stem cells with cell types and cytoarchitectures that resemble the embryonic human brain. As such, they have emerged as novel model systems that can be used to investigate human brain development and disorders...

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Published in	Development (Cambridge) Vol. 146; no. 8
Main Authors	Qian, Xuyu, Song, Hongjun, Ming, Guo-li
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	England The Company of Biologists Ltd 15.04.2019
Subjects	Animals Brain - cytology Brain - metabolism Brain - pathology Humans Models, Biological Organoids - cytology Organoids - metabolism Organoids - pathology Review Neuroscience Brain organoids Stem cell
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Abstract	Brain organoids are self-assembled three-dimensional aggregates generated from pluripotent stem cells with cell types and cytoarchitectures that resemble the embryonic human brain. As such, they have emerged as novel model systems that can be used to investigate human brain development and disorders. Although brain organoids mimic many key features of early human brain development at molecular, cellular, structural and functional levels, some aspects of brain development, such as the formation of distinct cortical neuronal layers, gyrification, and the establishment of complex neuronal circuitry, are not fully recapitulated. Here, we summarize recent advances in the development of brain organoid methodologies and discuss their applications in disease modeling. In addition, we compare current organoid systems to the embryonic human brain, highlighting features that currently can and cannot be recapitulated, and discuss perspectives for advancing current brain organoid technologies to expand their applications.
AbstractList	Brain organoids are self-assembled three-dimensional aggregates generated from pluripotent stem cells with cell types and cytoarchitectures that resemble the embryonic human brain. As such, they have emerged as novel model systems that can be used to investigate human brain development and disorders. Although brain organoids mimic many key features of early human brain development at molecular, cellular, structural and functional levels, some aspects of brain development, such as the formation of distinct cortical neuronal layers, gyrification, and the establishment of complex neuronal circuitry, are not fully recapitulated. Here, we summarize recent advances in the development of brain organoid methodologies and discuss their applications in disease modeling. In addition, we compare current organoid systems to the embryonic human brain, highlighting features that currently can and cannot be recapitulated, and discuss perspectives for advancing current brain organoid technologies to expand their applications.Brain organoids are self-assembled three-dimensional aggregates generated from pluripotent stem cells with cell types and cytoarchitectures that resemble the embryonic human brain. As such, they have emerged as novel model systems that can be used to investigate human brain development and disorders. Although brain organoids mimic many key features of early human brain development at molecular, cellular, structural and functional levels, some aspects of brain development, such as the formation of distinct cortical neuronal layers, gyrification, and the establishment of complex neuronal circuitry, are not fully recapitulated. Here, we summarize recent advances in the development of brain organoid methodologies and discuss their applications in disease modeling. In addition, we compare current organoid systems to the embryonic human brain, highlighting features that currently can and cannot be recapitulated, and discuss perspectives for advancing current brain organoid technologies to expand their applications. Brain organoids are self-assembled three-dimensional aggregates generated from pluripotent stem cells with cell types and cytoarchitectures that resemble the embryonic human brain. As such, they have emerged as novel model systems that can be used to investigate human brain development and disorders. Although brain organoids mimic many key features of early human brain development at molecular, cellular, structural and functional levels, some aspects of brain development, such as the formation of distinct cortical neuronal layers, gyrification, and the establishment of complex neuronal circuitry, are not fully recapitulated. Here, we summarize recent advances in the development of brain organoid methodologies and discuss their applications in disease modeling. In addition, we compare current organoid systems to the embryonic human brain, highlighting features that currently can and cannot be recapitulated, and discuss perspectives for advancing current brain organoid technologies to expand their applications. Brain organoids are self-assembled three-dimensional aggregates generated from pluripotent stem cells with cell types and cytoarchitectures that resemble the embryonic human brain. As such, they have emerged as novel model systems that can be used to investigate human brain development and disorders. Although brain organoids mimic many key features of early human brain development at molecular, cellular, structural and functional levels, some aspects of brain development, such as the formation of distinct cortical neuronal layers, gyrification, and the establishment of complex neuronal circuitry, are not fully recapitulated. Here, we summarize recent advances in the development of brain organoid methodologies and discuss their applications in disease modeling. In addition, we compare current organoid systems to the embryonic human brain, highlighting features that currently can and cannot be recapitulated, and discuss perspectives for advancing current brain organoid technologies to expand their applications. Summary: In this Review, we discuss recent advances in the production of brain organoids, highlighting their potential applications as model systems for understanding disease states as well as normal brain development across species.
Author	Ming, Guo-li Qian, Xuyu Song, Hongjun
AuthorAffiliation	2 Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21205 , USA 1 Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences , Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA 6 Department of Psychiatry , Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA 3 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA 5 The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA 4 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 2 Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21205 , USA – name: 1 Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences , Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA – name: 6 Department of Psychiatry , Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA – name: 4 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA – name: 5 The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA – name: 3 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Xuyu surname: Qian fullname: Qian, Xuyu organization: Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Hongjun surname: Song fullname: Song, Hongjun organization: Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Guo-li orcidid: 0000-0002-2517-6075 surname: Ming fullname: Ming, Guo-li organization: Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30992274$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	Brain organoids are self-assembled three-dimensional aggregates generated from pluripotent stem cells with cell types and cytoarchitectures that resemble the...
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SubjectTerms	Animals Brain - cytology Brain - metabolism Brain - pathology Humans Models, Biological Organoids - cytology Organoids - metabolism Organoids - pathology Review
Title	Brain organoids: advances, applications and challenges
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