Apportionment of heavy metals in a soil–water-plant system via brick kiln emissions in heavily industrialized city of Pakistan

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international Vol. 29; no. 36; pp. 54855 - 54864
• Main Authors: Ahmad, Imran, Ahmad, Hamaad Raza, Farooqi, Zia Ur Rahman, Sabir, Muhammad, Rizwan, Muhammad, Maqsood, Muhammad Aamer
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.08.2022; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Accumulation; Aquatic Pollution; Ashes; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; bricks; Cadmium; carbon; coal; Contamination; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Emissions; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Environmental impact; Environmental science; Fuels; Hardwoods; Heavy metals; industrialization; Kilns; Lead; Moisture content; Pakistan; pollution; Pollution abatement; pollution control; Pollution prevention; Research Article; rubber; soil; Soil contamination; Soil water; Soils; Tires; Toxicity; Urban areas; Urban environments; Waste Water Technology; Water analysis; Water Management; Water Pollution Control; Water sampling; wood; Pakistan; Air quality; Human health; Potentially toxic elements
• ISSN: 0944-1344; 1614-7499; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19753-3

One of the major environmental problems is the fast accumulation of brick kiln emissions near the peripheries of almost all urban centers. An enormous quantity of substandard coal, wood, rubber tires, or saw wood is used as fuel in these brick kilns, creating environmental pollution through carbon and heavy metals present in the emissions. The present study was designed to determine the distribution pattern of heavy metals in a soil–water-plant system under the influence of brick kiln emissions. Ash, soil (0–15 cm), water, and plant samples were collected from the adjacent areas of the brick kilns. Geo-accumulation index and contamination factors were used to assess the toxicity of metals to soil and plants. It was found that the concentrations of Cd in water, soil, coal, and plant samples were found in the range of 0.004–0.024 mg L −1 , 0.02–0.66, 0.002–0.042, and 0.06 to 0.07 mg kg −1 , respectively, while Pb concentration was found within the range of 0–0.08 mg L −1 , 0.30–8.60, 0.011–0, and 0.01–0.08 mg kg −1 in water, soil, and plant samples, respectively. The concentration of Cd in brick kilns ash was in the range of 0–0.04 mg kg −1 while Pb was found within the range of 0.01–0.05 mg kg −1 for ash. Geo-accumulation index and contamination factor values for Cd were found higher suggesting proper pollution prevention measures to be implemented. Based on the results, it was concluded that Cd concentrations in soil, plants, and water samples were higher in the subject area due to brick kiln emissions and higher Cd concentrations in the fuel material.