A guide to assessing cellular senescence in vitro and in vivo

Cellular senescence is a complex cell response to damage and stress that can impact the surrounding tissue. Senescent cells no longer proliferate and undergo particular phenotypic changes. However, their phenotype can be very variable, and identifying senescence remains a challenge. In this review,...

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Published inThe FEBS journal Vol. 288; no. 1; pp. 56 - 80
Main Authors González‐Gualda, Estela, Baker, Andrew G., Fruk, Ljiljana, Muñoz‐Espín, Daniel
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.01.2021
Subjects
ageing
Aging
Aging - genetics
Aging - metabolism
Animals
Animals, Genetically Modified
assessment
Biomarkers
Biomarkers - metabolism
Cell cycle
cell cycle checkpoints
Cell Cycle Checkpoints - genetics
Cell Cycle Proteins - genetics
Cell Cycle Proteins - metabolism
Cell Proliferation
cell senescence
Cell Shape - genetics
Cells, Cultured
cellular senescence
Cellular Senescence - genetics
Combinatorial analysis
Cytokines - genetics
Cytokines - immunology
detection
Diagnostic systems
DNA Damage
Embryogenesis
Embryonic growth stage
Genetic Loci
Heterochromatin - chemistry
Heterochromatin - metabolism
Heterogeneity
Humans
Lamin Type B - deficiency
Lamin Type B - genetics
Lysosomes - metabolism
Mitochondria - genetics
Mitochondria - metabolism
Mitochondria - pathology
phenotype
Phenotypes
Senescence
therapeutics
Wound healing
assessment
ageing
detection
cellular senescence
biomarkers
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Abstract Cellular senescence is a complex cell response to damage and stress that can impact the surrounding tissue. Senescent cells no longer proliferate and undergo particular phenotypic changes. However, their phenotype can be very variable, and identifying senescence remains a challenge. In this review, we provide a guide to assessing senescence confidently by describing the different biomarkers and an optimized strategy for their detection in cultures, tissues and in vivo. Cellular senescence is a physiological mechanism whereby a proliferating cell undergoes a stable cell cycle arrest upon damage or stress and elicits a secretory phenotype. This highly dynamic and regulated cellular state plays beneficial roles in physiology, such as during embryonic development and wound healing, but it can also result in antagonistic effects in age‐related pathologies, degenerative disorders, ageing and cancer. In an effort to better identify this complex state, and given that a universal marker has yet to be identified, a general set of hallmarks describing senescence has been established. However, as the senescent programme becomes more defined, further complexities, including phenotype heterogeneity, have emerged. This significantly complicates the recognition and evaluation of cellular senescence, especially within complex tissues and living organisms. To address these challenges, substantial efforts are currently being made towards the discovery of novel and more specific biomarkers, optimized combinatorial strategies and the development of emerging detection techniques. Here, we compile such advances and present a multifactorial guide to identify and assess cellular senescence in cell cultures, tissues and living organisms. The reliable assessment and identification of senescence is not only crucial for better understanding its underlying biology, but also imperative for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting senescence in the clinic.
AbstractList Cellular senescence is a physiological mechanism whereby a proliferating cell undergoes a stable cell cycle arrest upon damage or stress and elicits a secretory phenotype. This highly dynamic and regulated cellular state plays beneficial roles in physiology, such as during embryonic development and wound healing, but it can also result in antagonistic effects in age-related pathologies, degenerative disorders, ageing and cancer. In an effort to better identify this complex state, and given that a universal marker has yet to be identified, a general set of hallmarks describing senescence has been established. However, as the senescent programme becomes more defined, further complexities, including phenotype heterogeneity, have emerged. This significantly complicates the recognition and evaluation of cellular senescence, especially within complex tissues and living organisms. To address these challenges, substantial efforts are currently being made towards the discovery of novel and more specific biomarkers, optimized combinatorial strategies and the development of emerging detection techniques. Here, we compile such advances and present a multifactorial guide to identify and assess cellular senescence in cell cultures, tissues and living organisms. The reliable assessment and identification of senescence is not only crucial for better understanding its underlying biology, but also imperative for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting senescence in the clinic.Cellular senescence is a physiological mechanism whereby a proliferating cell undergoes a stable cell cycle arrest upon damage or stress and elicits a secretory phenotype. This highly dynamic and regulated cellular state plays beneficial roles in physiology, such as during embryonic development and wound healing, but it can also result in antagonistic effects in age-related pathologies, degenerative disorders, ageing and cancer. In an effort to better identify this complex state, and given that a universal marker has yet to be identified, a general set of hallmarks describing senescence has been established. However, as the senescent programme becomes more defined, further complexities, including phenotype heterogeneity, have emerged. This significantly complicates the recognition and evaluation of cellular senescence, especially within complex tissues and living organisms. To address these challenges, substantial efforts are currently being made towards the discovery of novel and more specific biomarkers, optimized combinatorial strategies and the development of emerging detection techniques. Here, we compile such advances and present a multifactorial guide to identify and assess cellular senescence in cell cultures, tissues and living organisms. The reliable assessment and identification of senescence is not only crucial for better understanding its underlying biology, but also imperative for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting senescence in the clinic.
Cellular senescence is a physiological mechanism whereby a proliferating cell undergoes a stable cell cycle arrest upon damage or stress and elicits a secretory phenotype. This highly dynamic and regulated cellular state plays beneficial roles in physiology, such as during embryonic development and wound healing, but it can also result in antagonistic effects in age-related pathologies, degenerative disorders, ageing and cancer. In an effort to better identify this complex state, and given that a universal marker has yet to be identified, a general set of hallmarks describing senescence has been established. However, as the senescent programme becomes more defined, further complexities, including phenotype heterogeneity, have emerged. This significantly complicates the recognition and evaluation of cellular senescence, especially within complex tissues and living organisms. To address these challenges, substantial efforts are currently being made towards the discovery of novel and more specific biomarkers, optimized combinatorial strategies and the development of emerging detection techniques. Here, we compile such advances and present a multifactorial guide to identify and assess cellular senescence in cell cultures, tissues and living organisms. The reliable assessment and identification of senescence is not only crucial for better understanding its underlying biology, but also imperative for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting senescence in the clinic.
Cellular senescence is a complex cell response to damage and stress that can impact the surrounding tissue. Senescent cells no longer proliferate and undergo particular phenotypic changes. However, their phenotype can be very variable, and identifying senescence remains a challenge. In this review, we provide a guide to assessing senescence confidently by describing the different biomarkers and an optimized strategy for their detection in cultures, tissues and in vivo. Cellular senescence is a physiological mechanism whereby a proliferating cell undergoes a stable cell cycle arrest upon damage or stress and elicits a secretory phenotype. This highly dynamic and regulated cellular state plays beneficial roles in physiology, such as during embryonic development and wound healing, but it can also result in antagonistic effects in age‐related pathologies, degenerative disorders, ageing and cancer. In an effort to better identify this complex state, and given that a universal marker has yet to be identified, a general set of hallmarks describing senescence has been established. However, as the senescent programme becomes more defined, further complexities, including phenotype heterogeneity, have emerged. This significantly complicates the recognition and evaluation of cellular senescence, especially within complex tissues and living organisms. To address these challenges, substantial efforts are currently being made towards the discovery of novel and more specific biomarkers, optimized combinatorial strategies and the development of emerging detection techniques. Here, we compile such advances and present a multifactorial guide to identify and assess cellular senescence in cell cultures, tissues and living organisms. The reliable assessment and identification of senescence is not only crucial for better understanding its underlying biology, but also imperative for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting senescence in the clinic.
Author Fruk, Ljiljana
Muñoz‐Espín, Daniel
González‐Gualda, Estela
Baker, Andrew G.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Estela
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1558-4259
  surname: González‐Gualda
  fullname: González‐Gualda, Estela
  organization: University of Cambridge
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Andrew G.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-6498-3208
  surname: Baker
  fullname: Baker, Andrew G.
  organization: University of Cambridge
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Ljiljana
  surname: Fruk
  fullname: Fruk, Ljiljana
  email: lf389@cam.ac.uk
  organization: University of Cambridge
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Daniel
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0550-9514
  surname: Muñoz‐Espín
  fullname: Muñoz‐Espín, Daniel
  email: dm742@cam.ac.uk
  organization: University of Cambridge
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32961620$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords assessment
ageing
detection
cellular senescence
biomarkers
Language English
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Snippet Cellular senescence is a complex cell response to damage and stress that can impact the surrounding tissue. Senescent cells no longer proliferate and undergo...
Cellular senescence is a physiological mechanism whereby a proliferating cell undergoes a stable cell cycle arrest upon damage or stress and elicits a...
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StartPage 56
SubjectTerms ageing
Aging
Aging - genetics
Aging - metabolism
Animals
Animals, Genetically Modified
assessment
Biomarkers
Biomarkers - metabolism
Cell cycle
cell cycle checkpoints
Cell Cycle Checkpoints - genetics
Cell Cycle Proteins - genetics
Cell Cycle Proteins - metabolism
Cell Proliferation
cell senescence
Cell Shape - genetics
Cells, Cultured
cellular senescence
Cellular Senescence - genetics
Combinatorial analysis
Cytokines - genetics
Cytokines - immunology
detection
Diagnostic systems
DNA Damage
Embryogenesis
Embryonic growth stage
Genetic Loci
Heterochromatin - chemistry
Heterochromatin - metabolism
Heterogeneity
Humans
Lamin Type B - deficiency
Lamin Type B - genetics
Lysosomes - metabolism
Mitochondria - genetics
Mitochondria - metabolism
Mitochondria - pathology
phenotype
Phenotypes
Senescence
therapeutics
Wound healing
Title A guide to assessing cellular senescence in vitro and in vivo
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Ffebs.15570
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32961620
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2474820626
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2445426175
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2524241258
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