Differential Physiological Responses Elicited by Ancient and Heritage Wheat Cultivars Compared to Modern Ones
Although ancient, heritage, and modern wheat varieties appear rather similar from a nutritional point of view, having a similar gluten content and a comparable toxicity linked to their undigested gluten peptide, whenever the role of ancient end heritage wheat grains has been investigated in animal s...
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| Published in | Nutrients Vol. 11; no. 12; p. 2879 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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26.11.2019
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| Abstract | Although ancient, heritage, and modern wheat varieties appear rather similar from a nutritional point of view, having a similar gluten content and a comparable toxicity linked to their undigested gluten peptide, whenever the role of ancient end heritage wheat grains has been investigated in animal studies or in clinical trials, more anti-inflammatory effects have been associated with the older wheat varieties. This review provides a critical overview of existing data on the differential physiological responses that could be elicited in the human body by ancient and heritage grains compared to modern ones. The methodology used was that of analyzing the results of relevant studies conducted from 2010 through PubMed search, by using as keywords “ancient or heritage wheat”, “immune wheat” (protein or peptides), and immune gluten (protein or peptides). Our conclusion is that, even if we do not know exactly which molecular mechanisms are involved, ancient and heritage wheat varieties have different anti-inflammatory and antioxidant proprieties with respect to modern cultivars. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that the health proprieties attributed to older cultivars could be related to wheat components which have positive roles in the modulation of intestinal inflammation and/or permeability. |
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| AbstractList | Although ancient, heritage, and modern wheat varieties appear rather similar from a nutritional point of view, having a similar gluten content and a comparable toxicity linked to their undigested gluten peptide, whenever the role of ancient end heritage wheat grains has been investigated in animal studies or in clinical trials, more anti-inflammatory effects have been associated with the older wheat varieties. This review provides a critical overview of existing data on the differential physiological responses that could be elicited in the human body by ancient and heritage grains compared to modern ones. The methodology used was that of analyzing the results of relevant studies conducted from 2010 through PubMed search, by using as keywords "ancient or heritage wheat", "immune wheat" (protein or peptides), and immune gluten (protein or peptides). Our conclusion is that, even if we do not know exactly which molecular mechanisms are involved, ancient and heritage wheat varieties have different anti-inflammatory and antioxidant proprieties with respect to modern cultivars. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that the health proprieties attributed to older cultivars could be related to wheat components which have positive roles in the modulation of intestinal inflammation and/or permeability.Although ancient, heritage, and modern wheat varieties appear rather similar from a nutritional point of view, having a similar gluten content and a comparable toxicity linked to their undigested gluten peptide, whenever the role of ancient end heritage wheat grains has been investigated in animal studies or in clinical trials, more anti-inflammatory effects have been associated with the older wheat varieties. This review provides a critical overview of existing data on the differential physiological responses that could be elicited in the human body by ancient and heritage grains compared to modern ones. The methodology used was that of analyzing the results of relevant studies conducted from 2010 through PubMed search, by using as keywords "ancient or heritage wheat", "immune wheat" (protein or peptides), and immune gluten (protein or peptides). Our conclusion is that, even if we do not know exactly which molecular mechanisms are involved, ancient and heritage wheat varieties have different anti-inflammatory and antioxidant proprieties with respect to modern cultivars. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that the health proprieties attributed to older cultivars could be related to wheat components which have positive roles in the modulation of intestinal inflammation and/or permeability. Although ancient, heritage, and modern wheat varieties appear rather similar from a nutritional point of view, having a similar gluten content and a comparable toxicity linked to their undigested gluten peptide, whenever the role of ancient end heritage wheat grains has been investigated in animal studies or in clinical trials, more anti-inflammatory effects have been associated with the older wheat varieties. This review provides a critical overview of existing data on the differential physiological responses that could be elicited in the human body by ancient and heritage grains compared to modern ones. The methodology used was that of analyzing the results of relevant studies conducted from 2010 through PubMed search, by using as keywords "ancient or heritage wheat", "immune wheat" (protein or peptides), and immune gluten (protein or peptides). Our conclusion is that, even if we do not know exactly which molecular mechanisms are involved, ancient and heritage wheat varieties have different anti-inflammatory and antioxidant proprieties with respect to modern cultivars. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that the health proprieties attributed to older cultivars could be related to wheat components which have positive roles in the modulation of intestinal inflammation and/or permeability. Since the genetic predisposition cannot change in such a short period of time, the increased prevalence of CD in the last 50–70 years could be associated with the reduction of infant mortality rates due to the disease [14] or linked to changes in environmental exposures. [...]only starting from this two ideological points of view, we can explain the discrepancy between the conclusions of a study entirely carried out in vitro that states “beneficial properties claimed for old genotypes are not always sustainable with scientific evidence” [19] and the conclusions of another study, entirely conducted in vitro that finally “suggest the potential use of old wheat varieties…with health promoting characteristics” [20]. Other diets based on heritage varieties of soft hexaploid wheats, such as “Verna”, “Gentil Rosso”, and “Autonomia B”, resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose after eight weeks of intervention in a double-blinded randomized clinical trial performed on 54 healthy subjects [26]. Since no differences have been found in the content of starch between heritage or ancient cultivars and modern ones, a hypothesis aimed at explaining the positive effects on the glycemic control of ancient and heritage cultivars is that they could have a different ratio between amylose and amylopectins within their starch [27], in analogy to what happens for the different rice cultivars [28]. [...]the studies carried out on the “toxicity” of gluten, before and after in vitro digestion, indicate a superiority of ancient diploid varieties (T. monococcum, in particular) but an equal or greater toxicity of heritage cultivars with respect to the modern ones. |
| Author | Spisni, Enzo Valerii, Maria Chiara Imbesi, Veronica Petrocelli, Giovannamaria Giovanardi, Elisabetta Alvisi, Patrizia |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; veronica.imbesi@studio.unibo.it (V.I.); elisabett.giovanardi@studio.unibo.it (E.G.); chiaravalerii@hotmail.it (M.C.V.) 3 Pediatric Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Largo Bartolo Nigrisoli, 2, 40133 Bologna, Italy; patrizia.alvisi@ausl.bologna.it 1 Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; giovannam.petrocelli@studio.unibo.it |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; veronica.imbesi@studio.unibo.it (V.I.); elisabett.giovanardi@studio.unibo.it (E.G.); chiaravalerii@hotmail.it (M.C.V.) – name: 3 Pediatric Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Largo Bartolo Nigrisoli, 2, 40133 Bologna, Italy; patrizia.alvisi@ausl.bologna.it – name: 1 Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; giovannam.petrocelli@studio.unibo.it |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Enzo surname: Spisni fullname: Spisni, Enzo – sequence: 2 givenname: Veronica surname: Imbesi fullname: Imbesi, Veronica – sequence: 3 givenname: Elisabetta surname: Giovanardi fullname: Giovanardi, Elisabetta – sequence: 4 givenname: Giovannamaria orcidid: 0000-0002-7114-9588 surname: Petrocelli fullname: Petrocelli, Giovannamaria – sequence: 5 givenname: Patrizia surname: Alvisi fullname: Alvisi, Patrizia – sequence: 6 givenname: Maria Chiara surname: Valerii fullname: Valerii, Maria Chiara |
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| Keywords | celiac disease ancient and heritage wheat gluten amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATI) gliadins immunogenic wheat peptides |
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| Title | Differential Physiological Responses Elicited by Ancient and Heritage Wheat Cultivars Compared to Modern Ones |
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