Spatial and Seasonal Patterns of Bird Communities in Italian Agroecosystems
Despite agricultural landscapes covering almost 60% of the total land area of Italy, knowledge of the effects of agriculture and its intensification on bird communities is still scarce. I analyzed the effects of land uses on bird diversity and community structure in different farmland habitats of lo...
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Published in | Conservation biology Vol. 19; no. 5; pp. 1547 - 1556 |
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Main Author | |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK
Blackwell Publishing Inc
01.10.2005
Blackwell Science Blackwell |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | Despite agricultural landscapes covering almost 60% of the total land area of Italy, knowledge of the effects of agriculture and its intensification on bird communities is still scarce. I analyzed the effects of land uses on bird diversity and community structure in different farmland habitats of lowland northwestern Italy. I surveyed breeding and overwintering birds with a hierarchically nested sampling design and used generalized linear and mixed models to investigate the relationships between the diversity and abundance of birds and habitat or landscapes attributes. The effects of agriculture on a avian diversity varied with season and spatial scale, whereas nonagricultural habitats (long-term fallows or woodlands) had a generally positive effect that was constant throughout time and space. As the amount of woodland habitat increased, spatial turnover diversity) of breeding birds decreased. Arable landscapes supported low levels of avian diversity throughout the year but were favored by emblematic farmland birds that have declined severely in Europe and in the study area. Farmland birds (40% of which are experiencing population declines) were more abundant or foraged more frequently in the less-disturbed habitat types such as fallows, grasslands, and winter stubbles and tended to avoid the prevailing cultivations (maize, vineyard, and wheat). Landscape simplification, the expansion of maize cultivation, winter plowing practices, and the conversion of highly diverse grasslands to tilled lands are likely to be responsible for the local decline of most farmland species (Skylark [Alauda arvensis], Starling [Sturnus vulgaris], buntings [Emberiza spp.], and wagtails [Motacilla spp.]) and for the increase of birds that are turning into agricultural pests (Hooded Crow [Corvus corone cornix]). |
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AbstractList | Despite agricultural landscapes covering almost 60% of the total land area of Italy, knowledge of the effects of agriculture and its intensification on bird communities is still scarce. I analyzed the effects of land uses on bird diversity and community structure in different farmland habitats of lowland northwestern Italy. I surveyed breeding and overwintering birds with a hierarchically nested sampling design and used generalized linear and mixed models to investigate the relationships between the diversity and abundance of birds and habitat or landscapes attributes. The effects of agriculture on α avian diversity varied with season and spatial scale, whereas nonagricultural habitats (long‐term fallows or woodlands) had a generally positive effect that was constant throughout time and space. As the amount of woodland habitat increased, spatial turnover (β diversity) of breeding birds decreased. Arable landscapes supported low levels of avian diversity throughout the year but were favored by emblematic farmland birds that have declined severely in Europe and in the study area. Farmland birds (40% of which are experiencing population declines) were more abundant or foraged more frequently in the less‐disturbed habitat types such as fallows, grasslands, and winter stubbles and tended to avoid the prevailing cultivations (maize, vineyard, and wheat). Landscape simplification, the expansion of maize cultivation, winter plowing practices, and the conversion of highly diverse grasslands to tilled lands are likely to be responsible for the local decline of most farmland species (Skylark
[Alauda arvensis
], Starling
[Sturnus vulgaris
], buntings
[Emberiza
spp.], and wagtails
[Motacilla
spp.]) and for the increase of birds that are turning into agricultural pests (Hooded Crow
[Corvus corone cornix
]).
Resumen:
A pesar de que los paisajes agrícolas cubren casi 60% de la superficie total de Italia, el conocimiento de los efectos de la agricultura, y su intensificación, sobre las comunidades de aves aun es muy escaso. Analicé los efectos de los usos de suelo sobre la diversidad y estructura de comunidades de aves en diferentes hábitats agrícolas en las tierras bajas del noroeste de Italia. Examiné a las aves residentes y visitantes invernales con un diseño de muestreo anidado jeráquicamente y utilicé modelos lineales y mixtos para investigar las relaciones entre la diversidad y la abundancia de aves y los atributos del hábitat o del paisaje. Los efectos de la agricultura sobre la diversidad α de aves variaron con la escala estacional y espacial, mientras que los hábitats no agrícolas (barbechos o bosques de largo plazo) generalmente tuvieron un efecto positivo que fue constante en el tiempo y el espacio. A medida que incrementó la cantidad de hábitat boscoso, el recambio espacial (diversidad β) de especies residentes se redujo. Los paisajes cultivables tuvieron niveles bajos de diversidad aviar a lo largo del año pero fueron favorecidos por aves emblemáticas de tierras de cultivo que han declinado severamente en Europa y en el área de estudio. Las aves de tierras de cultivo (40% de las cuales están experimentando declinaciones poblacionales) fueron más abundantes o forrajearon más frecuentemente en los tipos de hábitat menos perturbados, como barbechos, pastizales y rastrojo invernal, y tendieron a evitar los cultivos prevalicientes (maíz, uva y trigo). La simplificación del paisaje, la expansión del cultivo de maíz, la práctica de arado en invierno y la conversión de pastizales altamente diversos a tierras de labrado probablemente son responsables de la declinación local de la mayoría de las especies de tierras de cultivo (
Alauda arvensis, Sturnus vulgaris, Emberiza
spp.y
Motacilla
spp.) y del incremento de las aves que se están convirtiendo en plagas agrícolas (
Corvus corone cornix). : Despite agricultural landscapes covering almost 60% of the total land area of Italy, knowledge of the effects of agriculture and its intensification on bird communities is still scarce. I analyzed the effects of land uses on bird diversity and community structure in different farmland habitats of lowland northwestern Italy. I surveyed breeding and overwintering birds with a hierarchically nested sampling design and used generalized linear and mixed models to investigate the relationships between the diversity and abundance of birds and habitat or landscapes attributes. The effects of agriculture on α avian diversity varied with season and spatial scale, whereas nonagricultural habitats (long‐term fallows or woodlands) had a generally positive effect that was constant throughout time and space. As the amount of woodland habitat increased, spatial turnover (β diversity) of breeding birds decreased. Arable landscapes supported low levels of avian diversity throughout the year but were favored by emblematic farmland birds that have declined severely in Europe and in the study area. Farmland birds (40% of which are experiencing population declines) were more abundant or foraged more frequently in the less‐disturbed habitat types such as fallows, grasslands, and winter stubbles and tended to avoid the prevailing cultivations (maize, vineyard, and wheat). Landscape simplification, the expansion of maize cultivation, winter plowing practices, and the conversion of highly diverse grasslands to tilled lands are likely to be responsible for the local decline of most farmland species (Skylark[Alauda arvensis], Starling[Sturnus vulgaris], buntings[Emberiza spp.], and wagtails[Motacilla spp.]) and for the increase of birds that are turning into agricultural pests (Hooded Crow[Corvus corone cornix]). Resumen: A pesar de que los paisajes agrícolas cubren casi 60% de la superficie total de Italia, el conocimiento de los efectos de la agricultura, y su intensificación, sobre las comunidades de aves aun es muy escaso. Analicé los efectos de los usos de suelo sobre la diversidad y estructura de comunidades de aves en diferentes hábitats agrícolas en las tierras bajas del noroeste de Italia. Examiné a las aves residentes y visitantes invernales con un diseño de muestreo anidado jeráquicamente y utilicé modelos lineales y mixtos para investigar las relaciones entre la diversidad y la abundancia de aves y los atributos del hábitat o del paisaje. Los efectos de la agricultura sobre la diversidad α de aves variaron con la escala estacional y espacial, mientras que los hábitats no agrícolas (barbechos o bosques de largo plazo) generalmente tuvieron un efecto positivo que fue constante en el tiempo y el espacio. A medida que incrementó la cantidad de hábitat boscoso, el recambio espacial (diversidad β) de especies residentes se redujo. Los paisajes cultivables tuvieron niveles bajos de diversidad aviar a lo largo del año pero fueron favorecidos por aves emblemáticas de tierras de cultivo que han declinado severamente en Europa y en el área de estudio. Las aves de tierras de cultivo (40% de las cuales están experimentando declinaciones poblacionales) fueron más abundantes o forrajearon más frecuentemente en los tipos de hábitat menos perturbados, como barbechos, pastizales y rastrojo invernal, y tendieron a evitar los cultivos prevalicientes (maíz, uva y trigo). La simplificación del paisaje, la expansión del cultivo de maíz, la práctica de arado en invierno y la conversión de pastizales altamente diversos a tierras de labrado probablemente son responsables de la declinación local de la mayoría de las especies de tierras de cultivo (Alauda arvensis, Sturnus vulgaris, Emberiza spp.y Motacilla spp.) y del incremento de las aves que se están convirtiendo en plagas agrícolas (Corvus corone cornix). Despite agricultural landscapes covering almost 60% of the total land area of Italy, knowledge of the effects of agriculture and its intensification on bird communities is still scarce. I analyzed the effects of land uses on bird diversity and community structure in different farmland habitats of lowland northwestern Italy. I surveyed breeding and overwintering birds with a hierarchically nested sampling design and used generalized linear and mixed models to investigate the relationships between the diversity and abundance of birds and habitat or landscapes attributes. The effects of agriculture on a avian diversity varied with season and spatial scale, whereas nonagricultural habitats (long-term fallows or woodlands) had a generally positive effect that was constant throughout time and space. As the amount of woodland habitat increased, spatial turnover diversity) of breeding birds decreased. Arable landscapes supported low levels of avian diversity throughout the year but were favored by emblematic farmland birds that have declined severely in Europe and in the study area. Farmland birds (40% of which are experiencing population declines) were more abundant or foraged more frequently in the less-disturbed habitat types such as fallows, grasslands, and winter stubbles and tended to avoid the prevailing cultivations (maize, vineyard, and wheat). Landscape simplification, the expansion of maize cultivation, winter plowing practices, and the conversion of highly diverse grasslands to tilled lands are likely to be responsible for the local decline of most farmland species (Skylark [Alauda arvensis], Starling [Sturnus vulgaris], buntings [Emberiza spp.], and wagtails [Motacilla spp.]) and for the increase of birds that are turning into agricultural pests (Hooded Crow [Corvus corone cornix]). |
Author | LAIOLO, PAOLA |
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Keywords | Vertebrata bird diversity Vineyard Animal community Seasonal variation Arable land Farmland Aves Biodiversity Agroecosystem Environmental protection |
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SubjectTerms | Agroecosystems Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology arable land Aves Aviculture Biological and medical sciences bird diversity Birds campiña Conservation biology Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife Corn diversidad de aves Fallowing farmland Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Habitat conservation Parks, reserves, wildlife conservation. Endangered species: population survey and restocking Species diversity tierras cultivables Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution vineyard Vineyards viñedo Woodlands |
Title | Spatial and Seasonal Patterns of Bird Communities in Italian Agroecosystems |
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