The Freiburg Visual Acuity Test???Automatic Measurement of Visual Acuity
The Freiburg Visual Acuity test is an automated procedure for self-administered measurement of visual acuity. Landolt-Cs are presented on a monitor in one of eight orientations. The subject presses one of eight buttons, which are spatially arranged on a response box according to the eight possible p...
Saved in:
| Published in | Optometry and vision science Vol. 73; no. 1; pp. 49 - 53 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Hagerstown, MD
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
01.01.1996
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | The Freiburg Visual Acuity test is an automated procedure for self-administered measurement of visual acuity. Landolt-Cs are presented on a monitor in one of eight orientations. The subject presses one of eight buttons, which are spatially arranged on a response box according to the eight possible positions of the Landolt-Cs' gap. To estimate the acuity threshold, a best PEST (best Parameter Estimation by Sequential Testing) procedure is used in which a psychometric function having a constant slope on a logarithmic acuity scale is assumed. Measurement terminates after a fixed number of trials. With computer monitors, pixel-discreteness artifacts limit the presentation of small stimuli. By using anti-aliasing, i.e., smoothing of contours by multiple gray levels, the spatial resolution was improved by a factor of four. Thus, even the shape of small Landolt-Cs with oblique gaps is adequate and visual acuities from 5/80 (0.06) up to 5/1.4 (3.6) can be tested at a distance of 5 m. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The Freiburg Visual Acuity test is an automated procedure for self-administered measurement of visual acuity. Landolt-Cs are presented on a monitor in one of eight orientations. The subject presses one of eight buttons, which are spatially arranged on a response box according to the eight possible positions of the Landolt-Cs' gap. To estimate the acuity threshold, a best PEST (best Parameter Estimation by Sequential Testing) procedure is used in which a psychometric function having a constant slope on a logarithmic acuity scale is assumed. Measurement terminates after a fixed number of trials. With computer monitors, pixel-discreteness artifacts limit the presentation of small stimuli. By using anti-aliasing, i.e., smoothing of contours by multiple gray levels, the spatial resolution was improved by a factor of four. Thus, even the shape of small Landolt-Cs with oblique gaps is adequate and visual acuities from 5/80 (0.06) up to 5/1.4 (3.6) can be tested at a distance of 5 m. The Freiburg Visual Acuity test is an automated procedure for self-administered measurement of visual acuity. Landolt-Cs are presented on a monitor in one of eight orientations. The subject presses one of eight buttons, which are spatially arranged on a response box according to the eight possible positions of the Landolt-Cs' gap. To estimate the acuity threshold, a best PEST (best Parameter Estimation by Sequential Testing) procedure is used in which a psychometric function having a constant slope on a logarithmic acuity scale is assumed. Measurement terminates after a fixed number of trials. With computer monitors, pixel-discreteness artifacts limit the presentation of small stimuli. By using anti-aliasing, i.e., smoothing of contours by multiple gray levels, the spatial resolution was improved by a factor of four. Thus, even the shape of small Landolt-Cs with oblique gaps is adequate and visual acuities from 5/80 (0.06) up to 5/1.4 (3.6) can be tested at a distance of 5 m.The Freiburg Visual Acuity test is an automated procedure for self-administered measurement of visual acuity. Landolt-Cs are presented on a monitor in one of eight orientations. The subject presses one of eight buttons, which are spatially arranged on a response box according to the eight possible positions of the Landolt-Cs' gap. To estimate the acuity threshold, a best PEST (best Parameter Estimation by Sequential Testing) procedure is used in which a psychometric function having a constant slope on a logarithmic acuity scale is assumed. Measurement terminates after a fixed number of trials. With computer monitors, pixel-discreteness artifacts limit the presentation of small stimuli. By using anti-aliasing, i.e., smoothing of contours by multiple gray levels, the spatial resolution was improved by a factor of four. Thus, even the shape of small Landolt-Cs with oblique gaps is adequate and visual acuities from 5/80 (0.06) up to 5/1.4 (3.6) can be tested at a distance of 5 m. |
| Author | BACH, MICHAEL |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: MICHAEL surname: BACH fullname: BACH, MICHAEL |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=2975420$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8867682$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNqFkT1PwzAQhj0UlbbwE5AyILaA7diJs1BVFaVIRSyF1To7Dhjlo9jJ0H9PQtNKsODF8t1z753vnaJRVVcGoYDgW4LT5A53J44oC0maxph0r7APiRGaEMxwyJkQ52jq_SfGJIl4PEZjIeIkFnSC1tsPE6ycsap178Gb9S0UwUK3ttkHW-Ob-Xy-aJu6hMbq4NmAb50pTdUEdf6bvkBnORTeXA73DL2uHrbLdbh5eXxaLjahZpg3ISSUMg2EgTFcKMJJP4gSKQcmDEuViWINVOU6YjTPgCucpSRLskwRSnKIZujmoLtz9VfbTShL67UpCqhM3XqZCBYRynAHXg1gq0qTyZ2zJbi9HL7e5a-HPHgNRe6g0tafMJomnNFe5v6AaVd770wutW26bdRV48AWkmDZuyCPLsiTCz8h0QmIPwLHFv-WfgN9YovP |
| CODEN | OVSCET |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_21_12_4 crossref_primary_10_1167_tvst_13_3_14 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scog_2025_100351 crossref_primary_10_1176_appi_ajp_157_5_781 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_archger_2023_105202 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neurobiolaging_2009_12_002 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optom_2018_01_002 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optom_2023_100494 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2005_03_021 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12993_024_00259_6 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1460_9568_2005_04433_x crossref_primary_10_1111_opo_12829 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2021_107990 crossref_primary_10_1098_rspb_2013_0077 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_preteyeres_2022_101160 crossref_primary_10_1002_hbm_24216 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10548_015_0458_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2016_06_024 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scog_2021_100227 crossref_primary_10_1177_0956797617728126 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2017_12_003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bandl_2020_104771 crossref_primary_10_1093_geronb_gby130 crossref_primary_10_1080_17434440_2016_1237287 crossref_primary_10_5301_ejo_5000188 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_survophthal_2022_04_004 crossref_primary_10_1162_jocn_a_01293 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00347_016_0379_5 crossref_primary_10_3928_1081597X_20120518_03 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2022_108101 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2013_12_010 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2016_10_006 crossref_primary_10_1080_02643294_2018_1483325 crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_25_3_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2020_12_002 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41433_024_02950_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2006_01_037 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41398_022_02275_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopsych_2011_07_025 crossref_primary_10_1088_1741_2552_acd8f1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_preteyeres_2020_100847 crossref_primary_10_1111_psyp_12448 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0147803 crossref_primary_10_1097_IAE_0000000000002275 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnhum_2015_00506 crossref_primary_10_1068_p7708 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0b013e318177ebf3 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_015_9502_1 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_bioeng_10_061807_160529 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pcbi_1002382 crossref_primary_10_1017_S1355617721001284 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopsych_2009_02_035 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopsych_2009_02_036 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcrs_2015_10_050 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijpsycho_2015_07_010 crossref_primary_10_1097_00006324_200211000_00010 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnagi_2024_1326435 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2008_08_021 crossref_primary_10_1038_srep22542 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00347_016_0246_4 crossref_primary_10_1111_dmcn_14304 crossref_primary_10_3928_1081_597X_20071101_17 crossref_primary_10_3758_s13428_016_0725_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2015_06_047 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1600_0668_2006_00458_x crossref_primary_10_1167_tvst_9_8_25 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2012_02_004 crossref_primary_10_1177_09567976211056664 crossref_primary_10_1080_13803390802438454 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1460_9568_2010_07456_x crossref_primary_10_1111_cxo_12650 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0257159 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_019_09700_y crossref_primary_10_1080_13607860802341104 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00347_016_0238_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaapos_2019_05_016 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2024_1390614 crossref_primary_10_1097_ICO_0000000000002236 crossref_primary_10_1177_20416695211056362 crossref_primary_10_5014_ajot_2015_011809 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jobe_2024_111146 crossref_primary_10_1002_hbm_21273 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ergon_2016_02_001 crossref_primary_10_1097_IAE_0000000000003781 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12877_022_03201_5 crossref_primary_10_1097_00006324_200212000_00011 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnhum_2022_914459 crossref_primary_10_1016_S0042_6989_02_00265_1 crossref_primary_10_5301_ejo_5000372 crossref_primary_10_1080_13825585_2022_2055739 crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_21_11_13 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bandl_2011_08_003 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_024_06638_z crossref_primary_10_1167_19_6_4 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_014_2565_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2006_04_024 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2022_1067985 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_009_1268_2 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00347_006_1315_x crossref_primary_10_1167_19_6_5 crossref_primary_10_9778_cmajo_20210023 crossref_primary_10_1002_acp_3416 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2013_01_005 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00221_011_2947_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2003_07_004 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0121986 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0237663 crossref_primary_10_1093_schbul_sbae178 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2007_05_004 crossref_primary_10_1093_geronb_58_1_P54 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1460_9568_2011_07859_x crossref_primary_10_3758_BF03211918 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000000918 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0258667 crossref_primary_10_3389_fneur_2020_579113 crossref_primary_10_1167_18_6_20 crossref_primary_10_3758_s13414_022_02516_0 crossref_primary_10_1080_10888438_2018_1439036 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcrs_2009_03_033 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_35689_1 crossref_primary_10_1080_00140139_2013_853103 crossref_primary_10_1111_psyp_12765 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychires_2022_02_040 crossref_primary_10_3389_fopht_2024_1495000 crossref_primary_10_1364_JOSAA_34_000481 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trf_2017_12_009 crossref_primary_10_1167_tvst_10_10_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cognition_2022_105211 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0058940 crossref_primary_10_1016_S0002_9394_03_00394_5 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00221_018_5245_z crossref_primary_10_1364_JOSAA_36_000722 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_brs_2022_08_016 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optom_2022_04_003 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0078513 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rasd_2023_102105 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnhum_2022_808330 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2014_01234 crossref_primary_10_1136_bjophthalmol_2013_303787 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2019_03_018 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psychres_2012_07_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neurobiolaging_2025_01_006 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2011_06_004 crossref_primary_10_1136_bjophthalmol_2019_315273 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0002380 crossref_primary_10_1068_p7616 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2012_08_019 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2009_10_020 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2013_05_004 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00221_015_4314_9 crossref_primary_10_3928_1081597X_20090610_01 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnhum_2014_00291 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10384_014_0326_4 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2024_1323291 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_survophthal_2003_10_006 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2006_03_021 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000001380 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_019_12919_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_exer_2018_01_021 crossref_primary_10_1111_psyp_12702 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_005_0086_4 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_024_06530_w crossref_primary_10_3389_fnagi_2014_00060 crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_24_1_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2023_120191 crossref_primary_10_1523_JNEUROSCI_4403_13_2014 crossref_primary_10_1364_JOSAA_36_000464 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00221_006_0528_1 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_019_09715_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_procs_2021_01_029 crossref_primary_10_1113_JP277779 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2010_06_037 crossref_primary_10_1038_srep42696 crossref_primary_10_1093_braincomms_fcae341 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00347_004_1125_y crossref_primary_10_1002_col_21888 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_018_3957_1 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0076134 crossref_primary_10_1080_02699931_2019_1567462 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10803_013_1886_8 crossref_primary_10_1364_JOSAA_478022 crossref_primary_10_1111_desc_13616 crossref_primary_10_1088_1741_2552_ab9e1d crossref_primary_10_1016_j_survophthal_2015_11_008 crossref_primary_10_1111_opo_12785 crossref_primary_10_1111_jne_12842 crossref_primary_10_1111_opo_12420 crossref_primary_10_1055_a_2045_7271 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2014_02_021 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2021_626466 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_020_65789_1 crossref_primary_10_1080_13554794_2019_1656751 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00406_024_01826_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_concog_2017_04_011 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_019_52987_9 crossref_primary_10_3928_1081597X_20121211_01 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajo_2019_02_032 crossref_primary_10_1097_ICO_0b013e31828d6d4d crossref_primary_10_1016_j_clinph_2012_11_020 crossref_primary_10_1097_ICL_0000000000000726 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12883_020_01666_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_exger_2021_111309 crossref_primary_10_1111_psyp_12849 crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_24_12_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcrs_2010_05_015 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2004_07_017 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10803_016_3017_9 crossref_primary_10_1111_cxo_12003 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0207488 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2024_108865 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2024_e33977 crossref_primary_10_3758_s13415_024_01219_3 crossref_primary_10_1167_iovs_61_5_43 crossref_primary_10_1167_iovs_65_10_11 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuro_2020_02_012 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1755_3768_2011_02323_x crossref_primary_10_1167_19_5_11 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnbeh_2014_00163 crossref_primary_10_1177_0956797610376074 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2010_12_011 crossref_primary_10_1080_13506285_2021_1874583 crossref_primary_10_1523_JNEUROSCI_1970_17_2018 crossref_primary_10_1007_BF02584085 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_017_9617_7 crossref_primary_10_1111_opo_12885 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2009_05_020 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnrgo_2021_646225 crossref_primary_10_1148_radiol_12112172 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1600_0668_2007_00511_x crossref_primary_10_3233_RNN_201043 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_019_09703_9 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_020_80843_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neulet_2019_03_011 crossref_primary_10_1093_schbul_sbx130 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000000068 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0b013e318205a69a crossref_primary_10_1111_aos_14011 crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_20_3_9 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_019_09726_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2021_118782 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0148192 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000002000 crossref_primary_10_1093_braincomms_fcad050 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ophtha_2020_02_024 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0115239 crossref_primary_10_1177_1747021819876637 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psychres_2016_09_049 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ophtha_2022_06_041 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_14673_1 crossref_primary_10_3341_jkos_2017_58_2_203 crossref_primary_10_1111_opo_12878 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1469_8986_2007_00501_x crossref_primary_10_1364_OE_27_012399 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_022_05944_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cub_2015_07_036 crossref_primary_10_1097_j_jcrs_0000000000000814 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1475_1313_2006_00345_x crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_024_09982_x crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_00331_5 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0046525 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jad_2006_03_028 crossref_primary_10_1177_23312165211045306 crossref_primary_10_1038_s42003_022_04033_0 crossref_primary_10_3758_s13428_013_0321_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2008_10_016 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2013_02_051 crossref_primary_10_3390_s22051859 crossref_primary_10_1111_dmcn_15842 crossref_primary_10_1167_iovs_61_4_12 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0299129 crossref_primary_10_1016_S1888_4296_10_70021_2 crossref_primary_10_1177_0748730419847845 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_buildenv_2023_110146 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psychres_2018_10_063 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2021_108079 crossref_primary_10_1177_1477153520983530 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10803_014_2086_x crossref_primary_10_1088_1741_2560_11_6_066002 crossref_primary_10_1088_1741_2552_abfaab crossref_primary_10_1016_j_exger_2021_111310 crossref_primary_10_3758_s13414_014_0738_8 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_019_04505_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2017_01_001 crossref_primary_10_3928_1081597X_20101215_08 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_011_1675_z crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2020_117250 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2007_02_020 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_013_2431_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajo_2022_05_003 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2014_01189 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11571_023_10036_2 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0201976 crossref_primary_10_1080_08164622_2023_2279190 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_31301_8 crossref_primary_10_1080_10888431003724070 crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_21_13_10 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_22586_2 crossref_primary_10_1155_2020_7296412 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_008_0926_0 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0b013e318299088f crossref_primary_10_1002_hbm_23509 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2415_6_23 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_019_09672_z crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_020_04867_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2023_108355 crossref_primary_10_1024_1662_9647_a000202 crossref_primary_10_2196_games_7969 crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_24_4_21 crossref_primary_10_1177_112067210101102S05 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbr_2012_12_039 crossref_primary_10_3233_RNN_170731 crossref_primary_10_3389_fmed_2021_732222 crossref_primary_10_1093_cercor_bhad525 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psychres_2019_03_008 crossref_primary_10_1016_S0278_5846_99_00009_3 crossref_primary_10_1002_mds_28931 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_021_87620_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_buildenv_2010_10_002 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000002160 crossref_primary_10_1016_S0042_6989_03_00313_4 crossref_primary_10_1111_aor_13134 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms251910639 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_isci_2023_108008 crossref_primary_10_1051_aacus_2024061 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neucom_2012_06_047 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_physbeh_2016_12_029 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2014_02_009 crossref_primary_10_1093_cercor_bhy195 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nbas_2024_100106 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0232349 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcrs_2012_01_029 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2009_12_013 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2020_117354 crossref_primary_10_1109_TCYB_2020_2969520 crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_21_3_3 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41597_021_01116_1 crossref_primary_10_1080_10400419_2022_2046909 crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_20_7_33 crossref_primary_10_1155_2022_8555489 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2021_118390 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2012_06_010 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0217587 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnhum_2022_838454 crossref_primary_10_1111_opo_12152 crossref_primary_10_1111_opo_13127 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2017_018546 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11682_019_00086_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_brainres_2012_06_019 crossref_primary_10_3758_s13414_022_02640_x crossref_primary_10_1111_opo_13481 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2018_028632 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2022_108330 crossref_primary_10_1080_13554794_2020_1729385 crossref_primary_10_1177_1352458513488233 crossref_primary_10_1038_s44271_023_00011_2 crossref_primary_10_1260_1748_3018_8_3_339 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0152736 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chb_2012_12_010 crossref_primary_10_3758_s13414_015_1050_y crossref_primary_10_3390_nu14040872 crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_22_2_7 crossref_primary_10_1002_pchj_365 crossref_primary_10_3921_joptom_2008_22 crossref_primary_10_1080_00016480410024631 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bandc_2010_10_004 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_66819_y crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2021_745886 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cognition_2020_104253 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neurobiolaging_2020_09_010 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12144_022_03375_6 crossref_primary_10_1167_tvst_10_1_1 crossref_primary_10_1007_BF02583290 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_017_9613_y crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_10_1167_11_5_13 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000001538 crossref_primary_10_1038_srep18733 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12915_024_01822_3 crossref_primary_10_2478_v10053_008_0046_8 crossref_primary_10_1167_19_12_7 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_006_0474_4 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_018_25298_8 crossref_primary_10_1093_nc_niaf004 crossref_primary_10_1523_JNEUROSCI_2718_13_2014 crossref_primary_10_3390_app14199008 crossref_primary_10_1523_JNEUROSCI_0911_09_2009 crossref_primary_10_1055_a_1403_2218 crossref_primary_10_1177_2041669515599308 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnhum_2014_00772 crossref_primary_10_1097_MRR_0b013e328331c5c8 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_015_3020_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2025_109122 crossref_primary_10_17116_oftalma202313906177 crossref_primary_10_3233_RNN_150575 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2007_03_007 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2012_04_006 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_020_69952_6 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnhum_2014_00414 crossref_primary_10_1111_opo_12019 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2014_09_065 crossref_primary_10_1364_JOSAA_18_002668 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00429_024_02807_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_concog_2018_03_007 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnhum_2021_732927 crossref_primary_10_1097_00006324_200407000_00013 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_humov_2021_102917 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trf_2022_02_015 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajo_2012_09_031 crossref_primary_10_1162_jocn_a_00977 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2022_108307 crossref_primary_10_1093_gerona_glaa130 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000001440 crossref_primary_10_1177_2167702619869336 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13104_017_2699_1 crossref_primary_10_1080_10789669_2008_10390996 crossref_primary_10_3390_info11070346 crossref_primary_10_3758_s13414_023_02670_z crossref_primary_10_1152_jn_00701_2015 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cortex_2021_01_021 crossref_primary_10_1134_S0006297916070117 crossref_primary_10_1186_1471_2318_14_123 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psychres_2012_02_020 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_26438_x crossref_primary_10_1080_02713683_2020_1809003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajp_2021_102559 crossref_primary_10_1111_jrir_12002 crossref_primary_10_3390_vision1040027 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2023_108267 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_007_0662_x crossref_primary_10_1162_nol_a_00065 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2021_653632 crossref_primary_10_1097_j_jcrs_0000000000000501 crossref_primary_10_3928_1081597X_20240923_01 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00213_022_06158_w crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000001551 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2017_00315 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ebiom_2023_104896 crossref_primary_10_1167_tvst_13_12_30 crossref_primary_10_3390_clockssleep4040047 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nicl_2019_102055 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12877_022_03416_6 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2021_716051 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1475_1313_2011_00828_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2012_09_022 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0b013e3181adfdff crossref_primary_10_1007_s00426_014_0559_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2015_11_003 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_020_80870_5 crossref_primary_10_1111_opo_12233 crossref_primary_10_1163_22134808_bja10029 crossref_primary_10_1097_01_opx_0000216100_93302_2d crossref_primary_10_1007_s00426_006_0062_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trf_2022_09_023 crossref_primary_10_1177_2041669517746701 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2009_07_006 crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_22_4_8 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_11927_w crossref_primary_10_1113_JP281273 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2015_03_006 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scog_2022_100265 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_012_9359_5 crossref_primary_10_1055_a_1773_1197 crossref_primary_10_1167_tvst_11_4_12 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11145_016_9635_y crossref_primary_10_1080_0361073X_2010_484719 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_solener_2009_05_001 crossref_primary_10_1111_opo_13315 crossref_primary_10_1186_s41235_021_00310_4 crossref_primary_10_1080_17470218_2015_1136658 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41597_021_01080_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cognition_2021_104638 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pscychresns_2019_111004 crossref_primary_10_1017_S000711451600430X crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcrs_2011_06_031 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnhum_2015_00139 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00221_016_4719_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psychres_2017_04_051 crossref_primary_10_1177_0018720819895866 crossref_primary_10_1186_s41235_023_00504_y crossref_primary_10_1068_p7036 crossref_primary_10_1364_BOE_8_001477 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0311225 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41431_019_0478_2 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2021_716273 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optom_2023_01_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_clinph_2010_03_030 crossref_primary_10_3758_s13415_013_0176_4 crossref_primary_10_3928_1081597X_20090901_01 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2019_01768 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2010_11_013 crossref_primary_10_3390_brainsci10110813 crossref_primary_10_1117_1_JMI_7_2_022405 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jsr_2015_08_004 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2009_06_031 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_clinph_2018_04_600 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1460_9568_2005_03914_x crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_020_09796_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2021_108107 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000000158 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2019_116331 crossref_primary_10_1177_2167702618788874 crossref_primary_10_1080_08164622_2024_2367631 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000001000 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0231539 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aap_2014_03_011 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_clinph_2019_11_029 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2017_05_002 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0196156 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnhum_2022_910620 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajo_2020_09_017 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2023_119906 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2017_01565 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopsycho_2023_108654 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000000024 crossref_primary_10_1093_brain_awab154 crossref_primary_10_1177_0018720818789524 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2020_3032129 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2010_04_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_clinph_2014_03_017 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2009_08_005 crossref_primary_10_3928_1081597X_20120229_02 crossref_primary_10_1159_000504892 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_014_9432_3 crossref_primary_10_1093_brain_122_2_303 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00221_019_05627_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cognition_2021_104709 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2019_02_005 crossref_primary_10_1177_0956797613492424 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jneuroim_2016_02_004 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0b013e31818b9609 crossref_primary_10_1163_22134808_20181310 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijpsycho_2019_09_004 crossref_primary_10_3758_s13414_015_0931_4 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10803_017_3123_3 crossref_primary_10_1109_THMS_2022_3194006 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1467_9817_2013_12002_x crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2019_01906 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2015_10_008 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nlm_2012_08_006 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcrs_2006_07_029 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_020_78303_4 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2021_667329 crossref_primary_10_1155_2021_9935983 crossref_primary_10_1111_aos_12538 crossref_primary_10_1177_0165025414542838 crossref_primary_10_1113_JP280395 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2006_11_014 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2025_1540480 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41398_020_01134_4 crossref_primary_10_1080_03610918_2014_977917 crossref_primary_10_1088_1741_2560_13_3_036013 crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_21_10_10 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2020_116766 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optom_2020_08_007 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ridd_2024_104792 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000000963 crossref_primary_10_1111_ejn_15480 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1475_1313_2011_00857_x crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_24_9_3 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11682_021_00461_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_S0028_3932_97_00069_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pscychresns_2020_111206 crossref_primary_10_1080_13803390701641414 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcrs_2011_11_036 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000000961 crossref_primary_10_1167_tvst_2_3_1 crossref_primary_10_1167_iovs_65_5_20 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_brainres_2009_10_043 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_xops_2022_100215 crossref_primary_10_1038_srep07316 crossref_primary_10_1162_imag_a_00107 crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_20_10_19 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10803_012_1505_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuroimage_2014_07_053 crossref_primary_10_1177_07487304241226466 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnhum_2015_00591 crossref_primary_10_1080_0361073X_2017_1422459 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_016_9565_7 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0036155 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_actpsy_2015_04_005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neurobiolaging_2017_01_027 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2006_06_008 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00221_021_06184_8 crossref_primary_10_1080_02643294_2022_2119838 crossref_primary_10_12688_f1000research_128545_3 crossref_primary_10_1080_0361073X_2022_2094660 crossref_primary_10_12688_f1000research_128545_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2017_10_006 crossref_primary_10_3390_app12063190 crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_21_5_26 crossref_primary_10_1002_erv_2715 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0b013e318294c232 crossref_primary_10_3945_ajcn_115_114710 crossref_primary_10_1111_opo_12075 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijpsycho_2018_08_001 crossref_primary_10_1038_s42003_023_04598_4 crossref_primary_10_1002_brb3_660 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2014_01402 crossref_primary_10_1080_08164622_2021_1971044 crossref_primary_10_1167_iovs_17_23168 crossref_primary_10_1515_bmte_1997_42_3_55 crossref_primary_10_3390_sym3030457 crossref_primary_10_1111_acps_13330 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcomp_2023_1154957 crossref_primary_10_1093_schbul_sbae106 crossref_primary_10_1167_iovs_17_23167 crossref_primary_10_1080_13825585_2013_826342 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000001506 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0b013e318264e85a crossref_primary_10_1167_jov_21_7_10 crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000001746 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ophtha_2019_06_021 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cortex_2021_08_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2009_02_013 crossref_primary_10_1038_sj_jes_7500586 crossref_primary_10_1111_j_1475_1313_2009_00707_x crossref_primary_10_3758_s13428_013_0382_6 crossref_primary_10_1523_ENEURO_0534_19_2020 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2015_01_006 crossref_primary_10_1111_opo_13037 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_022_09883_x crossref_primary_10_1523_JNEUROSCI_0975_23_2023 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_024_09967_w crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2019_00743 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_visres_2008_09_016 crossref_primary_10_1177_1362361316630880 crossref_primary_10_1364_OE_27_035935 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_enbuild_2017_05_017 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_022_28125_x crossref_primary_10_1016_S0042_6989_99_00068_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_softx_2023_101429 crossref_primary_10_1111_acer_14541 crossref_primary_10_1016_S0886_3350_01_01260_3 crossref_primary_10_3758_s13414_019_01823_3 crossref_primary_10_1002_aur_2962 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_020_09768_x crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_63487_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cortex_2008_12_007 crossref_primary_10_1177_1071181322661051 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajo_2016_09_005 crossref_primary_10_1364_OE_404296 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_brainres_2006_07_068 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pscychresns_2018_10_008 crossref_primary_10_1136_bjophthalmol_2020_317004 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnhum_2021_721679 crossref_primary_10_3390_s20195542 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_010_9237_y crossref_primary_10_1097_OPX_0000000000000314 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12877_021_02293_9 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_018_28514_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuropsychologia_2018_08_010 crossref_primary_10_1523_JNEUROSCI_23_26_08921_2003 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10633_022_09904_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aap_2022_106778 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopsych_2009_05_015 crossref_primary_10_1167_iovs_64_13_42 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnhum_2020_00314 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_022_17304_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_concog_2016_05_005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_oret_2018_03_011 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_45785_x crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2017_020261 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2021_784888 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_30249_z crossref_primary_10_1093_schbul_sbq141 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00406_007_0780_9 crossref_primary_10_1097_00006324_200204000_00010 crossref_primary_10_1016_S0042_6989_03_00461_9 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00417_004_0969_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psychres_2015_01_009 crossref_primary_10_1167_tvst_10_12_18 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0167697 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cub_2022_10_003 crossref_primary_10_1016_S0141_9382_96_01028_1 crossref_primary_10_1167_11_5_13 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 1996 INIST-CNRS |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 1996 INIST-CNRS |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION IQODW CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8 |
| DOI | 10.1097/00006324-199601000-00008 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef Pascal-Francis Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE MEDLINE - Academic |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Medicine |
| EndPage | 53 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 8867682 2975420 10_1097_00006324_199601000_00008 |
| Genre | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article Comparative Study |
| GroupedDBID | --- -~X .GJ .Z2 0R~ 123 4Q1 4Q2 4Q3 53G 5VS 71W AAAAV AAHPQ AAIQE AAMTA AARTV AASCR AAWTL AAYXX ABASU ABBUW ABDIG ABDPE ABJNI ABPXF ABVCZ ABXRP ABXVJ ABZAD ABZZY ACDDN ACEWG ACGFO ACGFS ACILI ACNCT ACWDW ACWRI ACXJB ACXNZ ADBBV ADFPA ADGGA ADHPY ADNKB AE3 AEETU AENEX AFBFQ AFDTB AFFNX AFUWQ AHQNM AHRYX AHVBC AINUH AJCLO AJIOK AJNWD AJNYG AJZMW AKCTQ ALKUP ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALMTX AMJPA AMKUR AMNEI AOHHW AOQMC BAWUL BQLVK BS7 C45 CITATION CS3 DIK DIWNM DU5 DUNZO E.X EBS EEVPB EJD EX3 F5P FCALG FL- GNXGY GQDEL H0~ HLJTE HZ~ IKREB IN~ JF9 JG8 JK3 JK8 K8S KD2 L-C N~M O9- OAG OAH OCUKA ODA OK1 OLG OPUJH ORVUJ OUVQU OVD OVDNE OWU OWV OWW OWX OWY OWZ OXXIT P-K P2P P6G R58 RLZ S4R S4S T8P TEORI TR2 TSPGW V2I VVN W3M WH7 WOQ WOW X3V X3W XOL XXN XYM YFH ZB8 ZFV ZXP ZZMQN IQODW AWKKM CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM OLW 7X8 |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c405t-a7224ca14aee58b1516768b895a48e49be36ca2bfc342fda5b0d91d7ddb121fa3 |
| ISSN | 1040-5488 |
| IngestDate | Fri Jul 11 15:28:07 EDT 2025 Wed Feb 19 02:32:30 EST 2025 Mon Jul 21 09:15:25 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 22:59:40 EDT 2025 Tue Jul 01 01:35:33 EDT 2025 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 1 |
| Keywords | Human Self evaluation Automatic measurement Visual acuity Exploration Measurement method Computer aid |
| Language | English |
| License | CC BY 4.0 |
| LinkModel | OpenURL |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c405t-a7224ca14aee58b1516768b895a48e49be36ca2bfc342fda5b0d91d7ddb121fa3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 |
| PMID | 8867682 |
| PQID | 78431240 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| PageCount | 5 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_78431240 pubmed_primary_8867682 pascalfrancis_primary_2975420 crossref_citationtrail_10_1097_00006324_199601000_00008 crossref_primary_10_1097_00006324_199601000_00008 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 1900 |
| PublicationDate | 1996-01-00 1996 1996-Jan 19960101 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 1996-01-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 01 year: 1996 text: 1996-01-00 |
| PublicationDecade | 1990 |
| PublicationPlace | Hagerstown, MD |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Hagerstown, MD – name: United States |
| PublicationTitle | Optometry and vision science |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Optom Vis Sci |
| PublicationYear | 1996 |
| Publisher | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |
| SSID | ssj0017356 |
| Score | 2.0440512 |
| Snippet | The Freiburg Visual Acuity test is an automated procedure for self-administered measurement of visual acuity. Landolt-Cs are presented on a monitor in one of... |
| SourceID | proquest pubmed pascalfrancis crossref |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source |
| StartPage | 49 |
| SubjectTerms | Biological and medical sciences Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted Evaluation Studies as Topic Humans Investigative techniques of ocular function and vision Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects) Medical sciences Patient Acceptance of Health Care Self Administration Sensory Thresholds Vision Tests - instrumentation Visual Acuity |
| Title | The Freiburg Visual Acuity Test???Automatic Measurement of Visual Acuity |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8867682 https://www.proquest.com/docview/78431240 |
| Volume | 73 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3da9swEBddC2VQRtcuLNuy6WFvJSW2ZVvZW8ga0pZsLy30zejLEMiSkDh92F-_O0tW7Daj2V6MET7Z6M6n353ug5CvAVMi6hn40yRIMMsT1RVY9DPWSR4mAossoWtg8iMZ37Obh_ih6tnusksKeal-78wr-R-uwhjwFbNk_4GzflIYgHvgL1yBw3Ddm8ejlZniUcnF43SNqSBCbRBYA4IsSnNfbIqFLcv6a-sORIjYeL6OUX8ugcIUK1uZySafX7id0lvvg-F460vVLo0u2foLdtR9KP0F0xkG5dRUIcYagj3D67rSth1pyIRVfLbuqNtCbfnfZ8rZFv0td0iAcRjigtagzWzv8e2GVB3CP9mnfPQgJgOzsPeKHIVgG6A2_n5964-O0qhs2es_34VvVZU6d726gUlOlmINv0du-5r83fAoAcjdKXnjLAc6sGLwlhyY-Rk5nrjYiHMyBmmglTRQy11quUtRGug36mWB1mSBLvLm0-_I_ejqbjjuuj4ZXQVwu-iKFHCYEgETxsRcAoZLwIiUvB8Lxg3rSxMlSoQyVxELcy1i2dP9QKdayyAMchG1yOF8MTfvCY2MhhUVTAvOmNKmD-RxyGCeKAJjNWiTtFqpTLki8tjLZJbVghnKNc78GpdDvE0CT7m0hVT2oOk0mOEJnQS0yZeKORloRTzqEnOz2KyzlAMwBrDaJi3LM0_KOS5O-OGFqT-S1zY-H51tn8hhsdqYDsDPQn4uxe0PK15_XQ |
| linkProvider | Flying Publisher |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Freiburg+visual+acuity+test+%3A+automatic+measurement+of+visual+acuity&rft.jtitle=Optometry+and+vision+science&rft.au=BACH%2C+M&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.issn=1040-5488&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=49&rft.epage=53&rft_id=info:doi/10.1097%2F00006324-199601000-00008&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=2975420 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1040-5488&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1040-5488&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1040-5488&client=summon |