Muscle forces acting on the greater trochanter lead to a dorsal warping of the apophyseal growth plate

• Published in: Journal of anatomy Vol. 244; no. 1; pp. 63 - 74
• Main Authors: Ziegler, Christian Max, Wagner, Ferdinand, Alleborn, Karoline, Geith, Tobias, Holzapfel, Boris Michael, Heimkes, Bernhard
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.01.2024; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; AY‐angle; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cartilage; Child; crocodile sign; Femur; Femur - diagnostic imaging; Femur - physiology; form follows function; Growth plate; Growth Plate - diagnostic imaging; Hip Joint - anatomy & histology; Humans; Ligaments; Muscles; Original; Trochanter; trochanter major growth plate warp; trochanter major growth plate warp; form follows function; crocodile sign; AY-angle
• ISSN: 0021-8782; 1469-7580; 1469-7580
• DOI: 10.1111/joa.13944

The apophyseal growth plate of the greater trochanter, unlike most other growth plates of the human body, exhibits a curved morphology that results in a divergent pattern resembling an open crocodile mouth on plain antero‐posterior radiographs. To quantify the angular alignment of the growth plate and to draw conclusions about the function of the muscles surrounding it, we analyzed 57 MRI images of 51 children and adolescents aged 3–17 years and of six adults aged 18–52 years. We measured the angulation of the plate relative to the horizontal plane (AY angle) and the trajectories of the muscles attaching to the greater trochanter of the proximal femur. From anterior to posterior, the AY angle shows a decrease of 33.44°. In the anterior third, the cartilage is angled at a mean of 51.64°, and in the posterior third, the mean angulation is 18.6°. This indicates that the cartilage in the anterior region of the greater trochanteric apophysis is subject to more vertically oriented force vectors compared to the posterior region, as the growth plates align perpendicular to the force vectors acting on them. Combining the measured muscle trajectories with the physiological cross‐sectional areas (PCSA) available from the literature revealed that, in addition to the known internal and external lateral traction ligament systems, a third, dorsally located traction ligament system exists that may be responsible for the dorsal deformation of the AY angle. The apophyseal growth plate of the greater trochanter exhibits a curved morphology that results in a divergent pattern resembling an open crocodile mouth on radiographs. To quantify the angular alignment of the growth plate and to draw conclusions about the function of the muscles surrounding it, we measured the angulation of the plate relative to the horizontal plane and the trajectories of the muscles attaching to the greater trochanter of the proximal femur.