[Paper] Measurement of Viewing Distance and Posture Using the Front Cameras of Digital Devices to Support Children's Health
The use of digital devices, especially for school learning, is growing rapidly. Although the use of digital devices has positive effects, their prolonged use can lead to visual fatigue, myopia, and physical fatigue. To address these concerns, we developed functions to measure viewing distance and po...
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| Published in | ITE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDIA TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS Vol. 12; no. 4; pp. 203 - 210 |
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| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers
2024
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| Abstract | The use of digital devices, especially for school learning, is growing rapidly. Although the use of digital devices has positive effects, their prolonged use can lead to visual fatigue, myopia, and physical fatigue. To address these concerns, we developed functions to measure viewing distance and posture by capturing the user's face and body position using the front camera of their digital devices. Furthermore, we derived an approximation equation to determine the viewing distance based on the interpupillary distance of the captured image and examined its validity. To measure posture, we proposed a method to determine whether the observer is leaning forward or upright. Using the developed functions, the simultaneous time-series measurement data of viewing distance and postural change were graphically presented, demonstrating that it is possible to presume the observer's condition and provide appropriate health support. Moreover, the application of the proposed measurement method in school learning was discussed. |
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| AbstractList | The use of digital devices, especially for school learning, is growing rapidly. Although the use of digital devices has positive effects, their prolonged use can lead to visual fatigue, myopia, and physical fatigue. To address these concerns, we developed functions to measure viewing distance and posture by capturing the user's face and body position using the front camera of their digital devices. Furthermore, we derived an approximation equation to determine the viewing distance based on the interpupillary distance of the captured image and examined its validity. To measure posture, we proposed a method to determine whether the observer is leaning forward or upright. Using the developed functions, the simultaneous time-series measurement data of viewing distance and postural change were graphically presented, demonstrating that it is possible to presume the observer's condition and provide appropriate health support. Moreover, the application of the proposed measurement method in school learning was discussed. |
| Author | Ogiwara, Kazuto Shibata, Takashi |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1201/9781420032055 10.1080/08164622.2021.1971049 10.1109/ITNEC.2017.8284904 10.1167/iovs.07-0804 10.5535/arm.2012.36.1.98 10.5100/jje.57.2D4-2 10.1109/GEM.2019.8811563 10.1016/S0039-6257(99)00094-6 10.1007/978-3-319-10590-1_21 10.5100/jje.55.212 10.1097/MD.0000000000017992 10.1111/cxo.12453 10.36463/idw.2023.0741 10.1007/978-3-642-41939-3_50 10.1088/1757-899X/677/3/032057 10.1371/journal.pone.0140419 10.1111/aos.14785 10.1046/j.1475-1313.2002.00023.x 10.1038/519276a 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1920_21 |
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| References | 3) E. Dolgin: "The myopia boom," Nature, 519, 7543, pp.276-278 (2015 8) J.M. Ip, S.M. Saw, K.A. Rose, I.G. Morgan, A. Kifley, J.J. Wang and P. Mitchell: "Role of near work in myopia: Findings in a sample of Australian school children," Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 49, 7, pp.2903-2910 (2008 11) M. Ciccarelli and K. Fraser: "Children's utilisation of allied health treatment to manage ICT-related pain" Proc. of 19th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (2015 27) C. MacLachlan and H.C. Howland: "Normal values and standard deviations for pupil diameter and interpupillary distance in subjects aged 1 month to 19 years," Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 22, 3, pp.175-182 (2002 7) D.O. Mutti, G.L. Mitchell, M.L. Moeschberger, L.A. Jones and K. Zadnik: "Parental myopia, near work, school achievement and children's refractive error," Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 43, 12, pp.3633-3640 (2002 21) T. Shibata and K. Sakai: "Basic study on function of viewing distance measurement when using tablet computer," The Japanese Journal of Ergonomics, 57, pp.164-165 (2021) (in Japanese 22) K. Hosokawa, K. Maruya, S. Nishida, M. Takahashi and S. Nakadomari: "Gamified vision test system for daily self-check," 2019 IEEE Games, Entertainment, Media Conference, pp.1-8 (2019 18) K.R. Bhandari and L.A. Ostrin: "Objective measures of viewing behaviour in children during near tasks," Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 105, 7, pp.746-753 (2022 16) A. Flores, E. Christiansen, D. Kriegman and S. Belongie: "Camera distance from face images," Advances in Visual Computing. ISVC 2013. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 8034, pp.513-522 (2013 17) X.P. Burgos-Artizzu, M.R. Ronchi and P. Perona: "Distance estimation of an unknown person from a portrait," Computer Vision - ECCV 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 8689, pp.313-327 (2014 4) H. Matsumura and H. Hirai: "Prevalence of myopia and refractive changes in students from 3 to 17 years of age," Survey of Ophthalmology, 44, suppl. 1, pp.S109-S115 (1999 19) Y. Cao, W. Lan, L. Wen, X. Li, L. Pan, X. Wang and Z. Yang: "An effectiveness study of a wearable device (Clouclip) intervention in unhealthy visual behaviors among school-age children: A pilot study," Medicine, 99, 2, p. e17992 (2020 23) J.H. Kang, R.Y. Park, S.J. Lee, J.Y. Kim, S.R. Yoon and K.I. Jung: "The effect of the forward head posture on postural balance in long time computer based worker," Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 36, 1, pp.98-104 (2012 24) O.R. Stincel, M. Oravitan, C. Pantea, B. Almajan-Guta, N. Mirica, A. Boncu and C. Avram: "Assessment of forward head posture and ergonomics in young IT professionals - Reasons to worry?," La Medicina del Lavoro, 114, 1, p. e2023006 (2023 6) H.M. Huang, D. S.-T. Chang and P.C. Wu: "The association between near work activities and myopia in children-A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, 10, 10, p. e0140419 (2015 26) S. Bei, Z. Xing, L. Taocheng and L. Qin: "Sitting posture detection using adaptively fused 3D features," IEEE, Information Technology, Networking, Electronic and Automation Control Conference, pp.1073-1077 (2017 1) T. Shibata, K. Sato and T. Horita: "Survey on issues in using tablet computers in classrooms and physical fatigue among elementary school students," The Japanese Journal of Ergonomics, 55, 5, pp.212-221 (2019) (in Japanese 2) B. Demirayak, B.Y. Yılmaz Tugan, M. Toprak and R. Çinik: "Digital eye strain and its associated factors in children during the COVID-19 pandemic," Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 70, 3, pp.988-992 (2022 12) T. Shibata, K. Sato and T. Horita: "Tablet use in elementary schools from ergonomic aspect" Proc. IDW '17, pp.9-12 (2017 5) D.A. Owens and K. Wolf-Kelly: "Near work, visual fatigue and variations of oculomotor tonus. Investigative," Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 28, pp.743-749 (1987 14) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan: "[Project for Empirical Research on the Effectiveness and Impact of Digital Textbooks for Learners]: Gakushusha-you digital kyoukasho no Kouka Eikyo nikansuru Jissho Kenkyu Jigyo (in Japanese)," https://www.mext.go.jp/content/20230530_mxt_kyokasyo01_000030062_12_2.pdf, last accessed 2024/3/24, pp.192-199 (2023 25) K. Chen: "Sitting Posture Recognition Based on OpenPose," IOP Conference Series, Materials Science and Engineering, 677, pp.1-6 (2019 20) L. Wen, Q. Cheng, Y. Cao, X. Li, L. Pan, L. Li, H. Zhu, I. Mogran, W. Lan and Z. Yang: "The Clouclip, a wearable device for measuring near-work and outdoor time: Validation and comparison of objective measures with questionnaire estimates," Acta Ophthalmologica, 99, 7, p. e1222-e1235 (2021 13) M. Kurashige, Y. Kosaka, K. Ishida and T. Shibata: "Writing and optical characteristics of anti-glare screens for educational use" Proc. IDW '23, pp.741-744 (2023 15) J. Long, R. Cheung, S. Duong, R. Paynter and L. Asper: "Viewing distance and eyestrain symptoms with prolonged viewing of smartphones," Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 100, 2, pp.133-137 (2017 9) J. Anshel: Visual Ergonomics Handbook, CRC Press (June 2005 10) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan: "[Guideline for the Effective Use of Digital Textbooks for Learners]: Gakushusha-you digital kyoukasho no koukateki na katsuyou no arikata-tou ni kansuru guideline (in Japanese)," https://www.mext.go.jp/content/20210325-mxt_kyokasyo01-100002550_02.pdf, 2021, last accessed 2024/3/24 22 23 24 25 26 27 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 21 |
| References_xml | – reference: 5) D.A. Owens and K. Wolf-Kelly: "Near work, visual fatigue and variations of oculomotor tonus. Investigative," Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 28, pp.743-749 (1987) – reference: 17) X.P. Burgos-Artizzu, M.R. Ronchi and P. Perona: "Distance estimation of an unknown person from a portrait," Computer Vision - ECCV 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 8689, pp.313-327 (2014) – reference: 18) K.R. Bhandari and L.A. Ostrin: "Objective measures of viewing behaviour in children during near tasks," Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 105, 7, pp.746-753 (2022) – reference: 10) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan: "[Guideline for the Effective Use of Digital Textbooks for Learners]: Gakushusha-you digital kyoukasho no koukateki na katsuyou no arikata-tou ni kansuru guideline (in Japanese)," https://www.mext.go.jp/content/20210325-mxt_kyokasyo01-100002550_02.pdf, 2021, last accessed 2024/3/24 – reference: 9) J. Anshel: Visual Ergonomics Handbook, CRC Press (June 2005) – reference: 23) J.H. Kang, R.Y. Park, S.J. Lee, J.Y. Kim, S.R. Yoon and K.I. Jung: "The effect of the forward head posture on postural balance in long time computer based worker," Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 36, 1, pp.98-104 (2012) – reference: 19) Y. Cao, W. Lan, L. Wen, X. Li, L. Pan, X. Wang and Z. Yang: "An effectiveness study of a wearable device (Clouclip) intervention in unhealthy visual behaviors among school-age children: A pilot study," Medicine, 99, 2, p. e17992 (2020) – reference: 3) E. Dolgin: "The myopia boom," Nature, 519, 7543, pp.276-278 (2015) – reference: 14) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan: "[Project for Empirical Research on the Effectiveness and Impact of Digital Textbooks for Learners]: Gakushusha-you digital kyoukasho no Kouka Eikyo nikansuru Jissho Kenkyu Jigyo (in Japanese)," https://www.mext.go.jp/content/20230530_mxt_kyokasyo01_000030062_12_2.pdf, last accessed 2024/3/24, pp.192-199 (2023) – reference: 2) B. Demirayak, B.Y. Yılmaz Tugan, M. Toprak and R. Çinik: "Digital eye strain and its associated factors in children during the COVID-19 pandemic," Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 70, 3, pp.988-992 (2022) – reference: 20) L. Wen, Q. Cheng, Y. Cao, X. Li, L. Pan, L. Li, H. Zhu, I. Mogran, W. Lan and Z. Yang: "The Clouclip, a wearable device for measuring near-work and outdoor time: Validation and comparison of objective measures with questionnaire estimates," Acta Ophthalmologica, 99, 7, p. e1222-e1235 (2021) – reference: 24) O.R. Stincel, M. Oravitan, C. Pantea, B. Almajan-Guta, N. Mirica, A. Boncu and C. Avram: "Assessment of forward head posture and ergonomics in young IT professionals - Reasons to worry?," La Medicina del Lavoro, 114, 1, p. e2023006 (2023) – reference: 7) D.O. Mutti, G.L. Mitchell, M.L. Moeschberger, L.A. Jones and K. Zadnik: "Parental myopia, near work, school achievement and children's refractive error," Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 43, 12, pp.3633-3640 (2002) – reference: 12) T. Shibata, K. Sato and T. Horita: "Tablet use in elementary schools from ergonomic aspect" Proc. IDW '17, pp.9-12 (2017) – reference: 1) T. Shibata, K. Sato and T. Horita: "Survey on issues in using tablet computers in classrooms and physical fatigue among elementary school students," The Japanese Journal of Ergonomics, 55, 5, pp.212-221 (2019) (in Japanese) – reference: 26) S. Bei, Z. Xing, L. Taocheng and L. Qin: "Sitting posture detection using adaptively fused 3D features," IEEE, Information Technology, Networking, Electronic and Automation Control Conference, pp.1073-1077 (2017) – reference: 15) J. Long, R. Cheung, S. Duong, R. Paynter and L. Asper: "Viewing distance and eyestrain symptoms with prolonged viewing of smartphones," Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 100, 2, pp.133-137 (2017) – reference: 25) K. Chen: "Sitting Posture Recognition Based on OpenPose," IOP Conference Series, Materials Science and Engineering, 677, pp.1-6 (2019) – reference: 21) T. Shibata and K. Sakai: "Basic study on function of viewing distance measurement when using tablet computer," The Japanese Journal of Ergonomics, 57, pp.164-165 (2021) (in Japanese) – reference: 22) K. Hosokawa, K. Maruya, S. Nishida, M. Takahashi and S. Nakadomari: "Gamified vision test system for daily self-check," 2019 IEEE Games, Entertainment, Media Conference, pp.1-8 (2019) – reference: 13) M. Kurashige, Y. Kosaka, K. Ishida and T. Shibata: "Writing and optical characteristics of anti-glare screens for educational use" Proc. IDW '23, pp.741-744 (2023) – reference: 11) M. Ciccarelli and K. Fraser: "Children's utilisation of allied health treatment to manage ICT-related pain" Proc. of 19th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (2015) – reference: 4) H. Matsumura and H. Hirai: "Prevalence of myopia and refractive changes in students from 3 to 17 years of age," Survey of Ophthalmology, 44, suppl. 1, pp.S109-S115 (1999) – reference: 16) A. Flores, E. Christiansen, D. Kriegman and S. Belongie: "Camera distance from face images," Advances in Visual Computing. ISVC 2013. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 8034, pp.513-522 (2013) – reference: 27) C. MacLachlan and H.C. Howland: "Normal values and standard deviations for pupil diameter and interpupillary distance in subjects aged 1 month to 19 years," Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 22, 3, pp.175-182 (2002) – reference: 6) H.M. Huang, D. S.-T. Chang and P.C. Wu: "The association between near work activities and myopia in children-A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, 10, 10, p. e0140419 (2015) – reference: 8) J.M. Ip, S.M. Saw, K.A. Rose, I.G. Morgan, A. Kifley, J.J. Wang and P. Mitchell: "Role of near work in myopia: Findings in a sample of Australian school children," Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 49, 7, pp.2903-2910 (2008) – ident: 9 doi: 10.1201/9781420032055 – ident: 18 doi: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1971049 – ident: 26 doi: 10.1109/ITNEC.2017.8284904 – ident: 12 – ident: 8 doi: 10.1167/iovs.07-0804 – ident: 10 – ident: 14 – ident: 23 doi: 10.5535/arm.2012.36.1.98 – ident: 21 doi: 10.5100/jje.57.2D4-2 – ident: 22 doi: 10.1109/GEM.2019.8811563 – ident: 4 doi: 10.1016/S0039-6257(99)00094-6 – ident: 17 doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-10590-1_21 – ident: 24 – ident: 1 doi: 10.5100/jje.55.212 – ident: 7 – ident: 19 doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017992 – ident: 5 – ident: 15 doi: 10.1111/cxo.12453 – ident: 13 doi: 10.36463/idw.2023.0741 – ident: 11 – ident: 16 doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-41939-3_50 – ident: 25 doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/677/3/032057 – ident: 6 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140419 – ident: 20 doi: 10.1111/aos.14785 – ident: 27 doi: 10.1046/j.1475-1313.2002.00023.x – ident: 3 doi: 10.1038/519276a – ident: 2 doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1920_21 |
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| Title | [Paper] Measurement of Viewing Distance and Posture Using the Front Cameras of Digital Devices to Support Children's Health |
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