The fundamentals of biocarbon formation at elevated pressure: From 1851 to the 21st century
•Attainment of the theoretical fixed-carbon yield of charcoal from cellulose.•Corroboration of Violette’s 1853 findings.•Observation of the role of a molten phase in charcoal formation at high pressures. In 1851, Violette reported studies of wood carbonization in sealed glass tubes which endured con...
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| Published in | Journal of analytical and applied pyrolysis Vol. 113; pp. 225 - 230 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Elsevier B.V
01.05.2015
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0165-2370 1873-250X |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.jaap.2014.12.021 |
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| Abstract | •Attainment of the theoretical fixed-carbon yield of charcoal from cellulose.•Corroboration of Violette’s 1853 findings.•Observation of the role of a molten phase in charcoal formation at high pressures.
In 1851, Violette reported studies of wood carbonization in sealed glass tubes which endured considerable pressure at elevated temperatures and evoked unusual pyrolysis chemistry that led to very high charcoal yields. Despite the priority and promise of Violette’s work, his experiments were never reproduced and his findings forgotten. In this paper, we describe experiments that closely reproduce those of Violette and confirm many of his prescient observations. We employ small steel tubing bomb reactors rated to pressures above 13.9MPa (2000psig) at 400°C that are heated quickly in a fluidized sand bath. Gas analysis is accomplished by an Agilent micro-GC and the charcoal product is subject to proximate analysis. Carbonization occurs at much lower temperatures than customary at atmospheric pressure. In the case of Avicel cellulose, the experimental fixed-carbon yield of charcoal exceeds the theoretical value derived from thermochemical equilibrium calculations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a pyrolysis process has produced a cellulosic char whose yield attained or exceeded its thermochemical equilibrium value. |
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| AbstractList | •Attainment of the theoretical fixed-carbon yield of charcoal from cellulose.•Corroboration of Violette’s 1853 findings.•Observation of the role of a molten phase in charcoal formation at high pressures.
In 1851, Violette reported studies of wood carbonization in sealed glass tubes which endured considerable pressure at elevated temperatures and evoked unusual pyrolysis chemistry that led to very high charcoal yields. Despite the priority and promise of Violette’s work, his experiments were never reproduced and his findings forgotten. In this paper, we describe experiments that closely reproduce those of Violette and confirm many of his prescient observations. We employ small steel tubing bomb reactors rated to pressures above 13.9MPa (2000psig) at 400°C that are heated quickly in a fluidized sand bath. Gas analysis is accomplished by an Agilent micro-GC and the charcoal product is subject to proximate analysis. Carbonization occurs at much lower temperatures than customary at atmospheric pressure. In the case of Avicel cellulose, the experimental fixed-carbon yield of charcoal exceeds the theoretical value derived from thermochemical equilibrium calculations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a pyrolysis process has produced a cellulosic char whose yield attained or exceeded its thermochemical equilibrium value. In 1851, Violette reported studies of wood carbonization in sealed glass tubes which endured considerable pressure at elevated temperatures and evoked unusual pyrolysis chemistry that led to very high charcoal yields. Despite the priority and promise of Violette’s work, his experiments were never reproduced and his findings forgotten. In this paper, we describe experiments that closely reproduce those of Violette and confirm many of his prescient observations. We employ small steel tubing bomb reactors rated to pressures above 13.9MPa (2000psig) at 400°C that are heated quickly in a fluidized sand bath. Gas analysis is accomplished by an Agilent micro-GC and the charcoal product is subject to proximate analysis. Carbonization occurs at much lower temperatures than customary at atmospheric pressure. In the case of Avicel cellulose, the experimental fixed-carbon yield of charcoal exceeds the theoretical value derived from thermochemical equilibrium calculations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a pyrolysis process has produced a cellulosic char whose yield attained or exceeded its thermochemical equilibrium value. |
| Author | Antal, Michael Jerry Higashi, Charissa Phothisantikul, Phacharakamol Wesenbeeck, Sam Van Williams, Simon |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1021/ie050854y 10.1016/0010-2180(93)90051-4 10.1021/ie000511u 10.1021/ie0301839 10.1021/je400207t 10.1021/ie00004a027 10.1021/ie980601n 10.1021/i300010a039 10.1021/ie950438l 10.1021/ie0207919 10.1016/j.jaap.2008.06.008 10.1007/s10086-002-0487-5 10.1016/j.jaap.2011.12.019 10.1016/0165-2370(93)80064-7 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.10.028 10.1021/ef400041h 10.1016/S0165-2370(96)00971-0 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.10.012 10.1016/0040-6031(83)80221-4 10.1021/ef200450h 10.1021/ie00042a001 10.1021/je980119b 10.1021/ie9007985 10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00138-2 10.1016/0040-6031(83)80222-6 10.1016/j.jaap.2013.11.026 10.1021/ie051374+ |
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| Snippet | •Attainment of the theoretical fixed-carbon yield of charcoal from cellulose.•Corroboration of Violette’s 1853 findings.•Observation of the role of a molten... In 1851, Violette reported studies of wood carbonization in sealed glass tubes which endured considerable pressure at elevated temperatures and evoked unusual... |
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| SubjectTerms | atmospheric pressure Biocarbon carbonization carboxymethylcellulose Cellulose Charcoal Fixed-carbon yield glass proximate composition Pyrolysis sand steel temperature wood |
| Title | The fundamentals of biocarbon formation at elevated pressure: From 1851 to the 21st century |
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