Synthesis and characterization of a nanofiltration carbon membrane derived from phenol–formaldehyde resin

• Published in: Carbon (New York) Vol. 41; no. 15; pp. 2961 - 2972
• Main Authors: Kishore, Nanda, Sachan, Sadhana, Rai, K.N, Kumar, A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 2003; Elsevier Science
• Subjects: A. Carbon films; C. Electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction; Chemistry; Colloidal state and disperse state; D. Crystal structure; Exact sciences and technology; General and physical chemistry; Membranes; A. Carbon films; C. Electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction; D. Crystal structure; Carbonization; Clay; Nanofiltration; Porous membrane; Preparation; Phenoplasts; Raman spectrometry; Electron microscopy; Carbon; X ray diffraction; Thermal degradation; Crystalline structure
• ISSN: 0008-6223; 1873-3891
• DOI: 10.1016/S0008-6223(03)00427-5

We have synthesized carbon membranes by carbonizing a phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin in the absence of air, and evaluated their physical properties and separation performance. Carbonization of the PF resin at 500 °C for 30 min resulted in around 20% mass reduction and produced a membrane material which exhibited a moderate BET surface area of 29.6 m 2/g, with the majority of its porous structure confined to pores <15 nm. As observed by visible Raman spectroscopy, the carbon membrane seems to consist of a crystalline structure imbedded in an amorphous carbon matrix. The average grain size was found to be around 9.18 nm, which matches closely the results of Raman studies. The crystal structure is based on a hexagonal structure with a=7.8072 Å and c=7.066 Å with the latter length matching that of graphite. The difference in the former parameter was attributed to a motif consisting of a seven-membered plane benzene ring (one ring surrounded by six others) due to internal strain which was determined to be 3.22% by an XRD technique. The molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of this membrane was found to be about 7500 Daltons. The performance of the membrane was studied by separating hexavalent chromium ions from an aqueous chromic acid solution. The apparent and intrinsic rejection of Cr 6+ ions was of the order of 70 and 90%, respectively, and was found to increase with an increase in applied pressure.