Novel approaches to waxy crude restart: Part 2: An investigation of flow events following shut down
This paper describes cooling-induced flow events following the shut-in of waxy fluids in a transparent model pipeline. Flow, indicated by entrained marker spheres, and gel fracture and fragmentation, are recorded by digital photography. Pressure changes during cooling were also recorded. The observe...
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| Published in | Journal of petroleum science & engineering Vol. 77; no. 3; pp. 286 - 304 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Oxford
Elsevier B.V
01.06.2011
Elsevier |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0920-4105 1873-4715 |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.petrol.2011.04.003 |
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| Abstract | This paper describes cooling-induced flow events following the shut-in of waxy fluids in a transparent model pipeline. Flow, indicated by entrained marker spheres, and gel fracture and fragmentation, are recorded by digital photography. Pressure changes during cooling were also recorded. The observed flow events and pressure changes are consistent with numerical simulations of shrinkage flow. The test results show comparability with previously reported observations obtained with steel model pipelines. Numerical simulations of shrinkage in pipes are presented as comparative examples. The paper also reports predicted and experimental results for shrinkage of a wax-free high viscosity Newtonian standard fluid in a steel model pipeline, which indicate that gradients of reducing pressure are a general phenomenon associated with high flow resistance during cooling in pipes. The findings reported in this paper represent part of an ongoing investigation into aspects of waxy crude restart that may lead to predictive inaccuracy.
► Visual demonstration of cooling-induced flow of waxy hydrocarbon fluids. ► Visual demonstration of void formation and gel fracture. ► Demonstration of relationship between shrinkage flow and pressure gradients. ► Possible effects of shrinkage flow on wax structural development. ► Significance of void formation and compressibility. |
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| AbstractList | This paper describes cooling-induced flow events following the shut-in of waxy fluids in a transparent model pipeline. Flow, indicated by entrained marker spheres, and gel fracture and fragmentation, are recorded by digital photography. Pressure changes during cooling were also recorded. The observed flow events and pressure changes are consistent with numerical simulations of shrinkage flow. The test results show comparability with previously reported observations obtained with steel model pipelines. Numerical simulations of shrinkage in pipes are presented as comparative examples. The paper also reports predicted and experimental results for shrinkage of a wax-free high viscosity Newtonian standard fluid in a steel model pipeline, which indicate that gradients of reducing pressure are a general phenomenon associated with high flow resistance during cooling in pipes. The findings reported in this paper represent part of an ongoing investigation into aspects of waxy crude restart that may lead to predictive inaccuracy. Visual demonstration of cooling-induced flow of waxy hydrocarbon fluids. Visual demonstration of void formation and gel fracture. Demonstration of relationship between shrinkage flow and pressure gradients. Possible effects of shrinkage flow on wax structural development. Significance of void formation and compressibility. This paper describes cooling-induced flow events following the shut-in of waxy fluids in a transparent model pipeline. Flow, indicated by entrained marker spheres, and gel fracture and fragmentation, are recorded by digital photography. Pressure changes during cooling were also recorded. The observed flow events and pressure changes are consistent with numerical simulations of shrinkage flow. The test results show comparability with previously reported observations obtained with steel model pipelines. Numerical simulations of shrinkage in pipes are presented as comparative examples. The paper also reports predicted and experimental results for shrinkage of a wax-free high viscosity Newtonian standard fluid in a steel model pipeline, which indicate that gradients of reducing pressure are a general phenomenon associated with high flow resistance during cooling in pipes. The findings reported in this paper represent part of an ongoing investigation into aspects of waxy crude restart that may lead to predictive inaccuracy. ► Visual demonstration of cooling-induced flow of waxy hydrocarbon fluids. ► Visual demonstration of void formation and gel fracture. ► Demonstration of relationship between shrinkage flow and pressure gradients. ► Possible effects of shrinkage flow on wax structural development. ► Significance of void formation and compressibility. |
| Author | McCracken, Ian R. Forsdyke, Ivor N. Phillips, David A. Ravenscroft, Paul D. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: David A. surname: Phillips fullname: Phillips, David A. email: david@kat-lab.com organization: Kernow Analytical Technology Ltd, North Petherwin, Cornwall PL15 8TE, United Kingdom – sequence: 2 givenname: Ivor N. surname: Forsdyke fullname: Forsdyke, Ivor N. organization: Kernow Analytical Technology Ltd, North Petherwin, Cornwall PL15 8TE, United Kingdom – sequence: 3 givenname: Ian R. surname: McCracken fullname: McCracken, Ian R. organization: BP Exploration Operating Company Ltd, Sunbury on Thames, Middlesex TW16 7LN, United Kingdom – sequence: 4 givenname: Paul D. surname: Ravenscroft fullname: Ravenscroft, Paul D. organization: BP Exploration Operating Company Ltd, Sunbury on Thames, Middlesex TW16 7LN, United Kingdom |
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| Keywords | waxy crude oil void formation pressure gradients pipeline restart shrinkage flow numerical simulation Viscosity Crude oil Numerical simulation Pipe Pressure Standards Pipeline |
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| SubjectTerms | Applied sciences Computational fluid dynamics Computer simulation Cooling Crude oil, natural gas and petroleum products Energy Exact sciences and technology Fluid flow Fluids Fuels Mathematical models numerical simulation Petroleum pipelines pipeline restart pressure gradients Shrinkage shrinkage flow void formation waxy crude oil |
| Title | Novel approaches to waxy crude restart: Part 2: An investigation of flow events following shut down |
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