Emission factor estimates of cereal waste burning in Spain
Every year more than 5 million ha of cereal fields are affected by fires in order to eliminate cereal waste in Spain. The characteristics of this type of fire with intense flames are similar to those of the African dry savanna heading fires. This paper surveys the atmospheric emission caused by this...
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Published in | Atmospheric environment (1994) Vol. 34; no. 19; pp. 3183 - 3193 |
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Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Elsevier Ltd
2000
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Abstract | Every year more than 5 million ha of cereal fields are affected by fires in order to eliminate cereal waste in Spain. The characteristics of this type of fire with intense flames are similar to those of the African dry savanna heading fires. This paper surveys the atmospheric emission caused by this process by combining results of field and combustion chamber experiments. Combustion chamber experiments show that during the flaming phase 88% of the fire exposed carbon is converted into CO
2 and during the smoldering phase this percentage changes to 74%. These combustion chamber experiments also show that the soluble part of the aerosols emitted during the course of fires only represent 3% of the total particulate matter (TPM) produced, being the ions K
+ and CI
− the predominant ones. The cereal waste fire process can be represented by an arithmetic combination that takes into account the amounts of mass burned during the two phases of the fire: 0.90 flaming +0.10 smoldering. Emission factor estimates from field burning experiment are 13±7
g TPM
kg
−1(dm) and 2.8±0.2
g NO
x
kg
−1 (dm). Finally, we obtain average emissions of 80–130
Gg TPM, 17–28
Gg NO
x
, 210–350
Gg CO and 8–14
Tg CO
2 in Spain. These emissions represent nearly 25% of the total NO
x
and 50% of the total CO
2 emissions by other pollution sources during the burning period in Spain. |
---|---|
AbstractList | Every year more than 5 million ha of cereal fields are affected by fires in order to eliminate cereal waste in Spain. The characteristics of this type of fire with intense flames are similar to those of the African dry savanna heading fires. This paper surveys the atmospheric emission caused by this process by combining results of field and combustion chamber experiments. Combustion chamber experiments show that during the flaming phase 88% of the fire exposed carbon is converted into CO sub(2) and during the smoldering phase this percentage changes to 74%. These combustion chamber experiments also show that the soluble part of the aerosols emitted during the course of fires only represent 3% of the total particulate matter (TPM) produced, being the ions K super(+) and Cl super(-) the predominant ones. The cereal waste fire process can be represented by an arithmetic combination that takes into account the amounts of mass burned during the two phases of the fire: 0.90 flaming + 0.10 smoldering. Emission factor estimates from field burning experiment are 13 plus or minus 7 g TPM kg super(-) super(1) (dm) and 2.8 plus or minus 0.2 g NO sub(x) kg super(-) super(1) (dm). Finally, we obtain average emissions of 80-130 Gg TPM, 17-28 Gg NO sub(x) , 210-350 Gg CO and 8-14 Tg CO sub(2) in Spain. These emissions represent nearly 25% of the total NO sub(x) and 50% of the total CO sub(2) emissions by other pollution sources during the burning period in Spain. Farmers in Spain prefer to burn the straw and stubble that remain in agricultural fields following harvest. Results are presented from an experimental evaluation of the cereal-waste-burning emission factors, which combined field and chamber experiments. The composition of fuels was determined by an elemental analyzer, and two distinctly different fire regimes were considered: flaming and smoldering. Combustion efficiency was deduced from carbon monoxide emission ratios. Results indicate that, during the flaming phase, 88% of the C was converted to carbon dioxide and only 3% was converted to CO. Under smoldering conditions, CO sub(2) production was reduced to 77%, while CO production increased to 17%. The burning of 1 kg of cereal waste was determined to release 1400, 35, 3, and 13 g of CO sub(2), CO, nitrogen oxides, and total particulate matter, respectively, and to release 220, 800, and 320 mg of formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid, respectively. For all of Spain, annual cereal-burning emissions were calculated to range 80 130 Gg, 17 28 Gg, 210 350 Gg, and 8 14 Tg of total particulate matter, NO sub(x), CO, and CO sub(2), respectively. Every year more than 5 million ha of cereal fields are affected by fires in order to eliminate cereal waste in Spain. The characteristics of this type of fire with intense flames are similar to those of the African dry savanna heading fires. This paper surveys the atmospheric emission caused by this process by combining results of field and combustion chamber experiments. Combustion chamber experiments show that during the flaming phase 88% of the fire exposed carbon is converted into CO sub(2) and during the smoldering phase this percentage changes to 74%. These combustion chamber experiments also show that the soluble part of the aerosols emitted during the course of fires only represent 3% of the total particulate matter (TPM) produced, being the ions K super(+) and CI super(-) the predominant ones. The cereal waste fire process can be represented by an arithmetic combination that takes into account the amounts of mass burned during the two phases of the fire: 0.90 flaming +0.10 smoldering. Emission factor estimates from field burning experiment are 13 plus or minus 7 g TPM kg super(-1)(dm) and 2.8 plus or minus 0.2 g NO sub(x) kg super(-1) (dm). Finally, we obtain average emissions of 80-130 Gg TPM, 17-28 Gg NO sub(x), 210-350 Gg CO and 8-14 Tg CO sub(2) in Spain. These emissions represent nearly 25% of the total NO sub(x) and 50% of the total CO sub(2) emissions by other pollution sources during the burning period in Spain. Every year more than 5 million ha of cereal fields are affected by fires in order to eliminate cereal waste in Spain. The characteristics of this type of fire with intense flames are similar to those of the African dry savanna heading fires. This paper surveys the atmospheric emission caused by this process by combining results of field and combustion chamber experiments. Combustion chamber experiments show that during the flaming phase 88% of the fire exposed carbon is converted into CO 2 and during the smoldering phase this percentage changes to 74%. These combustion chamber experiments also show that the soluble part of the aerosols emitted during the course of fires only represent 3% of the total particulate matter (TPM) produced, being the ions K + and CI − the predominant ones. The cereal waste fire process can be represented by an arithmetic combination that takes into account the amounts of mass burned during the two phases of the fire: 0.90 flaming +0.10 smoldering. Emission factor estimates from field burning experiment are 13±7 g TPM kg −1(dm) and 2.8±0.2 g NO x kg −1 (dm). Finally, we obtain average emissions of 80–130 Gg TPM, 17–28 Gg NO x , 210–350 Gg CO and 8–14 Tg CO 2 in Spain. These emissions represent nearly 25% of the total NO x and 50% of the total CO 2 emissions by other pollution sources during the burning period in Spain. |
Author | Van Dinh, Pham Ezcurra, A. Lacaux, J.P. Ortiz de Zárate, I. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: I. surname: Ortiz de Zárate fullname: Ortiz de Zárate, I. organization: EUITl e ITT, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Nieves Cano 12, 01006 Vitoria, Spain – sequence: 2 givenname: A. surname: Ezcurra fullname: Ezcurra, A. organization: EUITl e ITT, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Nieves Cano 12, 01006 Vitoria, Spain – sequence: 3 givenname: J.P. surname: Lacaux fullname: Lacaux, J.P. organization: Laboratoire d'Aerologie, CNRS-UPS-14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France – sequence: 4 givenname: Pham surname: Van Dinh fullname: Van Dinh, Pham organization: Laboratoire d'Aerologie, CNRS-UPS-14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France |
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Keywords | Combustion chamber experiment Gases and particle emissions Cereal waste in Spain Biomass burning Field burning |
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Snippet | Every year more than 5 million ha of cereal fields are affected by fires in order to eliminate cereal waste in Spain. The characteristics of this type of fire... Farmers in Spain prefer to burn the straw and stubble that remain in agricultural fields following harvest. Results are presented from an experimental... |
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SubjectTerms | Biomass burning Cereal waste in Spain Combustion chamber experiment Field burning Gases and particle emissions Spain |
Title | Emission factor estimates of cereal waste burning in Spain |
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